Software Apps for Business ( The Apple Mac book ) Research Paper

Software Apps for Business ( The Apple Mac book ) - Research Paper Example Apple has offered multiple machines during the period on between 2008 and 2012, including Apple Airs 2011, Apple MacBook Pro 2012 and Apple MacBook Retina Display 2012. This research-based study is intended to highlight the exemplary differences between machines launched in 2008 and 2012 in order to identify the relative differences, advantages of the new model and disadvantages of not using it along with other alternatives for Apple’s product offered in 2012. Product Offered in 2008 The apple MacBook Pro offered in 2008 had a 15 inches long screen with overall height of 0.95 inches with 14.35 inches of width, dept of 9.82 inches and weight of 5.5 pounds. This MacBook allowed connections and expansions through Magsafe power port with Ethernet port. Also, a FireWire port along with USB connectivity was also present. Express card with 34 slots, Kensington lock slot were one of the main features. Built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, Bluetooth and Gigabit Ethernet were available for multi purpose connectivity to other networks. Audio features included stereo speakers, omnidirectional microphone, Minijacks for line-in and lineout and Apple stereo headsets were also available. Video output display is supported by NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GT graphics processor with dual-link DVI support; 256MB of GDDR3 memory on 2.4GHz configuration; 512MB of GDDR3 memory on 2.53GHz and 2.8GHz configurations along with Built-in camera and Minidisplay port (Apple, 2008). Further output options are DVI output, VGA output, and Dual-link DVI output whereas, the input is performed through traditional keyboard and touchpad. Specifications of Apple MacBook 2011 & 2012 Over five years, Apple has launched few models which were an extension of Apple MacBook 2008. These models were faster and lighter with impeccable audio and visual output and peripheral support for various software applications. In order to explain the advancement in Apple MacBook 2008, a comparative analysis of it with Apple MacBook Pro 2012 is performed. Apple MacBook Pro 2012 is an advanced version of Apple MacBook Pro 2008 with extensive memory, processing ability and various other features (Arthur, 2012; Westover, 2012). There are various versions available in Apple MacBook 2012 however for the purpose of comparison; Apple MacBook 2012 with 2.6 GHz processor is selected (Apple, 2012). Furthermore, presence of Intel architecture makes it fully capable of supporting multiple operating systems (Nikkel, 2009)1. Advancements Made in the Version 2008 and Comparison with Version 2012 The advancements made in this product are listed below (Apple, 2008; Apple, 2010): a) 2.6GHz quad-core Intel Core i7 processor (Turbo Boost up to 3.6GHz) with 6MB L3 cache where the last version had 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo Processor with L2 Cache memory. b) The memory constitutes of 8GB of 1600 MHz DDR3 memory as compared to previous 1066 MHz frontside bus with maximum up to 4 GB memory. c) Storage has been multiplied up to 750 GB 5 400 rpm hard drive as compared to 320 GB. d) In MacBook 2012, various configuration options are available whereas

The Landlady by Roald Dahl Essay Example for Free

The Landlady by Roald Dahl Essay Slightly shocked from the answer to the question just asked, Billy took another sip of his tea frantically trying to think of something to say. Placing the cup of Tea onto the coaster he took a gasp complementing on the tea, the landlady smiling as he did so. And then without warning he just blurted a question out, So why the others not joining us from upstairs. The landlady took a grin and answered his question well Gregory and Christopher, have not been feeling well recently, so I have been looking after them, they are ever so polite much like you. The way she said it made it sound like she was there mother! Giving a giant yarn, Billy stood up and stretched. I am awfully sorry but best be off to bed now, I have a long day tomorrow. I bet you do, she smirked. All of a sudden she began to lift up he heavy skirt show off her stockings and in the side was a giant curved knife, Billy stood back in shock. She stood up with the knife, the blade reflecting the wall light. What you doing with that? Billy squeaked. All of sudden she launched like a speeding bullet, and with lightening reactions Billy chucked his burning turning in the landladys eyes. Billy ran for his life and at the same time he could hear the landladys frantic screams as he climbed the landing stairs, racing up to his room. He closed the door and locking it behind him. Silently he moved swiftly to his briefcase, and started cramming all his possession into it. And then he heard a thuder of the landlady charging up the stairs like a possessed elephant, he hid behind the door And has he looked over he saw an old mop, not been used for years he took hold of it, Dust left a heavy trail behind it, And waited behind the door he could hear her breathing heavy and droopy like she was ready to swipe someones head off! He heard the lock click and the door swung open hitting him in the face, slightly dazed but still conscious Billy saw the landlady walk in knife first, he didnt give her anytime to think he swung the mop and smashed the landlady around the head she fell to the ground like a sac of spuds. Billy looked closer at the sick and twisted face of the evil witch, Billy had never knocked anyone out before the sudden sensation made him feel proud but hed never guess in a million years he would knock out a fifty-year-old woman! Billy eyes caught hold of the ring of keys around her belt, discreetly he unclipped them, grabbed his case and walked out of the room again locking it (permanently) behind him. Dazzled and tired of the ordeal Billy put his briefcase down and sat on it, looking at the 3rd floor stairs in mystery. Then he remembered what the landlady had said about Gregory and Christopher who was upstairs because they werent feeling very well, if she had tried to knife him, Imagine what she has done to them! With his decision made Billy started to climb the gloomy stairs. Dust was on the railing he wiped it off as he went up. When he got to the top he found himself gazing at two rooms, he decided to take the one closeted on the right. Billy edge open the door a dirt musty smell Hit is face it smelled like vinegar. He walked in and looked around the room in confusion Billy wasnt expecting what he was going to find in here. The room was exactly like his except of the horrendous smell, and as he look at the bed he noticed it was occupied! Hello Billy shouted, it was as silent as it were when he comes in shot to the bed and slowly lifted the covers 2 dead bodies were laid there. It made Billy nearly be sick in his mouth, they defiantly not feeling well he thought! No sain human being could have done this, he thought to himself. The bodies were like to pickles. Billy stared at the crackling fire in the room. Thing of nothing but hate for the landlady. Malice and hate built up inside. And with no warning or control Billy threw a burning hot ember glowing log from the fire to the bed of stuffed men. Within minutes the bed was completely on fire the smell of burning flesh was touching his nostrils, Black smoke was collecting on the ceiling Billy decided to take his exit. Billy closed the door behind him the heat of the handle scolding his hands; he walked down the landing stairs hammering his feet down every step. When he reached the bottom it appeared the landlady had awoken and was screaming at the top of her voice Smoke, smoke wheres it coming from What ever you have done you will regret it, you will regret this Billy Wilkins! Hey hag!, its weaver get it right. Billy stormed down the rest of the stairs with a satisfied grin on his face. He entered the front room, and walked next to the fire were she had revealed the knife at him. He spread the fire out around the front room with the smell of the smoke going thicker and thicker. Billy exited the creepy BB locking it behind him, then chucking the keys in the bin. Billy watched the burning inferno until he felt the tiredness reach him again, and went to go and find the bell and dragon. 50 years later. It had been 50 years to the day that Billy had that terrible encounter with landlady but he can still remember what had happened yesterday, it had left a mental scar on his mind. Billy was on his way to bath of all places for the last meeting before his official retirement suddenly the train stopped and the announcer announced that they where at bath. Billy got off the train and like he had done 50 years ago made his way down the path that had led him to such a cruel place. He walked down the empty street many of the houses were bordered up and rusting away, allot had changed in 50 years Billy thought to himself. Then he got to the place of the terrible BB and has Billy looked up the building had been rebuilt exactly has it had fallen he walked across the road to get a better look at it. Then a young man was walking down street a lot like he had done all them years ago he look at the sign and knocked on the door. The door swivelled open straight away, and with a horror Billys past there stood the un aged unchanged, Landlady! Shivers crawled up Billys legs as she greeted the young man. It was like a Ghost from Billys past that wont go away, the young man walked in and as he passed in Billy saw the landlady licking her lips, and slamming the door!

societhf Images of Nature and Society in Chapter 19 of Huckleberry Fin

Images of Nature and Society in Chapter 19 of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚   In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain creates a strong opposition between the freedom of Huck and Jim's life on the raft drifting down the Mississippi River, which represents "nature," and the confining and restrictive life on the shore, which represents "society." Early in the novel, Huck describes how much he dislikes his life with the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who try to "sivilize" (1) him. He says "it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal and regular and decent the widow was in all her ways" (1). Huck wants to be free from the Widow's and Miss Douglas's rules and routines, and sees travel and mobility as his escape route. He tells the reader that when "I couldn't stand it no longer, I lit out" (1), and that "All I wanted was to go somewheres; all I wanted was a change" (2).    At the beginning of Chapter 19, Twain offers a long descriptive passage of Huck and Jim's life on the raft that seems, at first glance, to celebrate the idyllic freedom symbolized by the river and nature. The episode occurs immediately after the Grangerford episode, where both Huck and Jim were trapped--Jim in his hiding place in the swamp, and Huck in the absurd cycle of violence of the Grangerford's feud with the Shepherdsons. Now free to drift aimlessly down the river, Huck and Jim seem to escape the confining and destructive social world on the shore and return to nature. A close reading of this passage, however, shows that the river is not a privileged natural space outside of and uncontaminated by society, but is inextricably linked to the social world on the shore, which itself has positive value for Huck. I... ...e various signs of society's presence on the river seem at first to suggest contamination and corruption, by the end of this section we can see them as valuable and lovely in their own right. The steamboat's sparks are just as beautiful and awe-inspiring as the stars in the sky.    Works Cited Harris, Susan K. "Huck Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1990.   Mitchell, Lee Clark. "The Authority of Language in Huckleberry Finn." New Essays on Huckleberry Finn. Ed. Louis J. Budd. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 1985. Trachtenberg, Alan. "The Form of Freedom in Huckleberry Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990. Whitley, John S. "Kid's Stuff: Mark Twain's Boys." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990.   

Aid for Drug Addicts

Drug abuse is one of the major concerns of our society today.   It probably has the most negative effects on our communities. It does not only destroy the life of the substance user but also of the others around him. Substance abuse is also directly linked to heinous crimes such as rape, murder and theft.Teenagers are reportedly the most drug users. However, even adults can also be lead to using the substance. There are many factors, most of which are social and psychological, which may have pushed a person to taking in these illegal dugs.Although these persons know the downside of doing drugs, they may have been driven out of curiosity or more probably by their problems to take in drugs. What’s scary about this is that even if the person would want to stop, he becomes addicted to it.A drug addict should be strong enough to fight this addiction. On top of that, he should confide to the persons close to him, and trust them to help him. A drug addict could not fight this probl em alone, he needs to solicit all the help he could get.Drug addiction is defined as a condition wherein a person taking in drugs has much difficulty quitting the habit. Even if you have successfully showed the drug user the potential harm drugs can do to him, it would be very difficult to make him stop using it because his body has become thoroughly dependent on the substance.That is why combating the use of drugs is a problem that is very hard to address. A desire to stop the habit is simply not enough to cure drug addiction. The fight against drugs is not just a fight of one person, or of one family. The government should also be responsible enough to take proactive steps to help address the issue.As mentioned previously, drug abuse can take a large toll on our society. Eventually, crime rates would go up as the drug abuse cases go up. Drug abuse is directly linked to probably every problem and crime you can think of.As soon as a person shows signs of drug abuse, he must be helpe d immediately. Addicted individuals may not open up easily but with proper nurturing, he will soon allow other people to help him.Currently, there are a lot of ways or methods implemented that’s been proven to help remedy drug abuse. These methods vary widely from each other, depending on the type of drugs used.Different drugs have different effects on an individual, and thus, would require specific cures. Other factors that should be considered in curing a drug addict are: the duration of his drug addiction, any medical complications, and most importantly, his social needs. Most of the time, it may also be necessary that the other persons with close ties to the drug addict undergo some form of treatments.Drug addiction is a complicated ailment. Unlike other medical conditions which can be simply treated with a medicine, drug addiction affects the whole being of a person, not just his physical condition. Drug addiction has a major effect on a person’s mental and especi ally social well being. That makes drug addiction a real crisis of everybody.Fortunately, everybody is aware of this crisis. There are concerned non-profit groups aimed to help individuals to recover from their drug addiction. If you’ll just take a good look around in your neighborhood, you can probably hear about certain groups of addicted individuals hoping to cure themselves from drug addiction.Joining one of these groups would greatly help a drug user in his fight against drugs. Here, he’ll learn to interact with other individuals who are also in his same situation. If a friend of yours is suffering from drug addiction, you wouldn’t be able to help him more than to find him a group whom he can relate with.There’s probably no better cure than fighting it together with persons whom he knows can understand what he’s going through. Thus, it is important to encourage drug users to join such groups. Prominent examples of these groups are the Narcotic s Anonymous and Alcoholic Anonymous.If an individual has been seriously addicted to a certain drug, the best option for him is to undergo a residential treatment. Substance abuse rehabilitation centers offer effective drug treatment programs, not only for the addicted individual but also to help his family and friends who may have also been seriously affected by his condition.These residential treatment programs isolate the drug addicts from any contact with drugs or dealers to speed up his drug addiction recovery. There are also outpatient clinics that offer individual and group counseling. Qualified physician and psychiatrist assist individuals in coping with their treatments.Most people would find it helpful to visit a psychiatrist and maybe a psychologist once in awhile to talk about the most common side effects of curing drugs – anxiety and stress. It would be a great help if the government can maybe subsidize counseling centers which provides individuals information on how they can recover from these drug addictions.This may sound quite ironic to some, but drug addiction can also be effectively treated by prescribing other addictive drugs, such as methadone.These drugs are considered replacement drugs. From the term replacement, other less addictive substances are prescribed to the addicted individual to gradually alleviate his addiction on the strong substance.Sometimes, a psychiatrist can come into a conclusion that this is the only way to reliably treat the drug user. However, for those not interested in using other drugs to cure their drug addiction, they could consider acupuncture detoxification. This remedy may also be used to treat drugs, as well.There are really a lot of ways to recover from drug addiction. A lot of ideas and programs have already been developed and proven to effectively cure drug addiction.These programs have successful outcomes. In deciding which of these is the best type of recovery program for an individual, one should consider several factors including the type of drugs being used, the personality of the addicted individual, his concept of religion and spirituality, mental and physical fitness, and of course, the affordability of the program.Despite the improvements of the medical sciences in combating drug addiction, still the most widely accepted â€Å"cure† for drug addiction is abstinence from these addictive substances. The old adage, Prevention is better than cure, holds true in the fight against drug addiction.Treatments for drug addiction don’t usually come cheap, and they also don’t come easy. It requires hard work for both the addicted patient and the people around him.It can affect the lifestyle of every people he constantly makes contact to. Thus, nothing can be better than preventing people from using these addictive drugs in the first place.Since most people are tempted to try drugs for the first time during their teenage years, it is important that they develo p a good relationship between their family, peers and educators.Prevention programs should reduce the risk factors of taking in drugs and at the same time enhance the protective factors. Probably the strongest of the factors is the person’s behavior and support he gets from the people he usually interacts with.At this stage of a young adult’s life, family bonding is deemed to be very important. Parental supervision is very critical in substance abuse prevention.A god parent-child communication is very beneficial in monitoring some factors which may possibly lead the child from taking in drugs. Parents are also the best educators when it comes to drug information and their harmful effects. Studies have shown that whatever the parents says and act have the greatest effects on an individual.Ineffective parenting, especially if the parents also abuse drugs, will likely result in a child who would be a victim a drug abuse in his later life.

Baskin Robbins Marketing Research Case Study

Baskin Robbins Case Study This case summarizes the marketing research to be performed for the logo redesign project of Baskin Robbins. Case Analysis Baskin-Robbins Brand Officer Ken Kimmel felt it was important to conduct this study because the frozen-food retailing industry had become more hostile to Baskin-Robbins in recent years. A few entrants such as Cold Stone Creamery and others had popularized the in-store experience. Cold Stone Creamery's sales were now almost 75 percent of Baskin-Robbins' sales. The contest has changed since the mid-1980s'. Customers are more demanding about the hospitality experience.They earn more money and they can buy comparable ice creams to Baskin-Robbins in grocery stores now. While BR’s competitors are pushing this mix-in experience – a higher price theater experience. The main purpose of the Baskin-Robbins corporate study was to decide whether or not they should change their logo to gain a competitive advantage. They are also using th is study to find out the implications of a change of logo, and a change in the way the stores are designed. The key questions the Baskin-Robbins brand team is addressing are: should the brand logo be changed to signal something new is happening at Baskin-Robbins?If the logo is changed would there be synergy between the logo changed and the redesign interiors? Also, changing the interior of stores will offer a lot of complications with the franchisees. A main concern is whether or not these franchisees would be willing to buy into the new ideas, considering that they have invested a lot into the franchise. The management of Baskin Robbins wants to change logo based on the customer reaction towards old logo and new logo after showing the drawings of the new logo and new redesign of the stores.The research design to be adopted should be exploratory research that can be based on the focus groups and direct interviews with the customer. Also observational research can be used to perform the research on how the customer reacts to the visits to the store and their reaction during the direct interview with the interviewer on the store and logo redesign. Approach for the research should be developed. Approach can consist of multiple research options such as direct interviews, focus groups and observational research. Research design can include the form of the research for each of the approach.A questionnaire can be designed to have direct interviews with the customers visiting the store. An observational form can be designed to capture the observations during the direct interviews. Secondary data have been collected for purposes other than the problem at hand. These data can be quickly located and are not expensive. Syndicated data are the compiled data available from the external agencies that can be used for the marketing research problem. These data are available in bulk. The secondary and syndicated data can be used for the research.Customer can be interviewed base d on their location by an internet survey or a telephonic call to gather details about their perspective on Baskin Robbins old logo and their experience with the store. Conclusion Marketing research plays an important role in decision making. Professionally done marketing research are practical provides a value to management. References California Intercontinental University – Quality Research in Consumer Behavior Study Guide Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, Sixth EditionHelp by Naresh K Malhotra Related post: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Management

The Gifted Cant Weigh That Giraffe

The Gifted Cant Weigh That Giraffe Introduction The main purpose of school is to educate individuals in society to school is an essential tool of transformation for students. Education plays a significant role in influencing a student’s overall perspective of life and their ability to perform. The increase in population and cultural change continue to place huge expectation on the school. The school’s responsibility is not only to teach basic arithmetic, reading and writing skills, but also influence the students to have an influence on society in general.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Gifted Cant Weigh That Giraffe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of schools in contemporary society Schools have the mandate to provide educational programs, which are important to develop integrated systems. These should model service delivery where these systems come together; community organizations, judiciary and other social services. In stead of the school system duplicating effort, it would ensure a smooth transition from school to work place and from youth to adulthood. Most importantly, school experience should influence a positive relationship between school and the entire community. Important factors in the education of students There are several significant factors in the education of students; to ensure the acquisition of skills, knowledge and attitude to develop personal meaning relevant to their personal experiences (Case 1). In the formulation of programs and policies that are inclusive, it is important for educators to understand that every student is unique. The curriculum creation should therefore involve creation of an enabling environment and appropriate teaching techniques. These have to respond to changes in society that include cultural and technological advancement. Education should be able to relate to personal growth, attitude, behavior and general awareness of important aspects of life. The re levance of teaching techniques should keep up with the pace of technological advancement. Teaching methods perhaps, have not kept pace with our fast-paced technical society and cultural changes. They should be contextual regarding students ability, education resources and relevance of the curriculum. In the illustration to the gifted students, the teacher attempts to show how birds learn to fly. These open ended questions do not tap into the student’s initiative, to provide innovative ideas, therefore unsuccessful (Case 1). On the contrary, the use of how to weigh a giraffe illustration allows students to be creative. Therefore, it is important for the teacher to switch from a teacher-centered to a student centered classroom. It is important for all stakeholders to get involved. The parents should evaluate their value of expectations on schools to teach their children life lessons. Identify this and play their respective roles without necessarily blaming educators, education polices or funding by the government.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The environment at home has an impact on the student’s achievement at school. Without excessive expectations exacted on them by parents and educators, students tend to move from fear of making mistakes and criticism to the ability of making sound decisions (Case 1). Both gifted and low achievers need not only the text book experience but also problem solving skills which encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. School experience in forming responsible citizens It is common for many people to acknowledge that their school experience has been relevant in making them respectful and responsible citizens. Although, one cannot be entirely dependent on experience to prepare them for life, education plays a key role to this effect. The importance of education should be rooted in relevance, technology and inspirational to further learning (Case 1). The emphases in learning should be based on organizational skills, problem – solving, creativity and decision – making. Appropriate training better equips students to meet both their immediate and future needs. Activities in school prepare students to be better citizens; leadership roles assigned in school, equip students to be responsible future leaders. Hence, classroom experience is relevant to making unique, analytical and informed citizens. Conclusion In essence, school functions as a preparation for the future and success in different aspects of life. The school experience that acknowledges student’s unique abilities, develops individual students to become productive and responsible, as well as professional at their places of work. Roles assigned in school develop students to become responsible citizens. Case 1: â€Å"The Gifted Can’t Weigh That Giraffe†. 2011. Film

buy custom Politicians Discourse Community essay

buy custom Politicians Discourse Community essay Over the past decades, the concept of discourse community has been among the most contested notions in the political arena. This is subject to the range of the well known analysts that this idea is too utopian, sure or hegemonic. From the real social perspective, discourse communities appear to be stable to most advocates. Critics therefore assume an imaginary consensus as well as a shared purpose that does not really reflect the exact experience among the political community (Marshall 26). The fact that the political discourse communities is utopian has been taken to be so seductive to a point that it conceals both the language and social practices which takes place within its boundaries. This therefore has made it difficult for researchers to get into its working systems because it hinders being recognized or studied. For this reason, the issue of political discourse community has maintained its limited educational value (Marshall 26). What Makes the Political Discourse Community? It is difficult to understand the political means of communication in various parts of the world. For example, when looking at a public discourse about political democracy in an Arabic country, there is a fresh way of understanding their political discourse (Paltridge 59). Different methods of combining ethnographic research with communities in various parts of the world lead to a political discourse. This is done with combined investigations in regard to the discourse itself (Paltridge 58). Tools such as anthropology and sociolinguistics as well as pragmatics are used. These tools are broad methods that are applicable in general political discourse. Given the fact that all kinds of discourse are based on social aspects and interaction, it is important to note that individuals use public discourse in order to achieve both political and social goals in a totally new perspective as a result of the significance it creates (Marshall 31). Role of the Political Discourse Community Given the responsibility of the political discourse in the ratification, reproduction as well as the legitimization of power, there have emerged several other critical discourse on political talk and text. Up to this point, most of this study has been done by linguistics together with political discourse analysts owing to the fact that political science is one of the few fields with little of its discourse known (Marshall 30). This is regardless of the fact that there is influence from postmodern approaches of discourse. Despite the fact that political discourse in English is best know in the international level because of its hegemony in English, there is quite a lot of work that has been done in other languages too (Marshall 30-1). Germany, for example has a long history of political discourse analysis. In this study, research is based on the study of language of war and peace, as well as how speech affects political discourse. In analyzing political discourse, there is need to understanding the existence of a strong tradition in studying fascist language and discourse (Marshall 31). This entails understanding of what lexicon, propaganda and the role of media in politics. These go hand-in-hand with knowing the political language. In France, the study of political language has earned respect in the analysis of both politics and discourse (Paltridge 68). What is most important in political discourse analysis is the role played by particular genres in excising power and influence in the entire community (Paltridge 69). In addition, their role in the exact definition of politics and the definition of political institutions is critical in understanding political discourse. For this reason, political institutions as well as the semiotics of the planning, outfit and body language all depend on the transformance of customary forms of expression (Paltridge 71). For example, parliamentary debates in a given politics are made known through the implicit and explicit rules that govern ther conduct. This leads to the emergence of new institutional political genres. The most prominent of all these may be the journalistic interview of politicians as well as the idiosyncratic genre such as the British Radio. These are some examples that describe the relationship between a politician and the general public. As a result, they are described as discour se and linguistic features. The description may go forth to an extent of evaluation of their value and the power to manipulate. The Political Community as a Type of Human Community Political communities are surrounded by the state and influenced by the means of commands. These commands are established by prescription of forces. There is a ratio existing between these forces and the individuals or groups that implement them. For example, in a democratically organized political society, the commands take the place of law and are basically grounded on the value played by justice and equality (Paltridge 59). These laws establish rewards upon which those who observe them are rewarded while those who fail are to be punished. The laws are also aimed at maintaining social order and at the same time imposing sanctions on those go against them. Political discourse is fundamental in the definition of state. The term state is surrounded by an aura of suggestions so that the definition professed by any individual reveals the philosophy of life and a given perspective on the social order (Marshall 34). Therefore, people who are actively participating in politics and government are well informed of the pros and cons of the community they belong to. Politicians are therefore inclined to make considerations in regard to the state being made up of the territory as well as the population that constitute that given territory (Marshall 34). On the other hand, people who are opposed to politics view this perception as a means of restricting their own means to pursue happiness. In addition, some people view political discourse community as people who take responsibility in order to use political influence while considering the state as an impersonal structure. This structure is considered to be an institution, an authority and an abstra ct entity. Furthermore, individuals who consider personal autonomy view the state as an assembly of individuals which is responsible for personal and public actions (Marshall 35). Political community is intrinsically unpredictable. All over time, the political discourse keeps changing its composition, its core values as well as interpersonal processes and associations. The interesting part is that the changing variables are well accepted in both economic and affinitive communities though denied or offensively interpreted by supporting political communities (Paltridge 96). However, in the situation of political communities, state organizations raise the argument of legitimacy in order to maintain or prolong through force in a given territory. Therefore, variability is allowed only in a case of argumentation, in no case in that of diminution/. Political community is justified by neither past justices, nor language nor religion. In addition, history confirms that there is contingency of all political communities in various kinds of organization. Methods of Data Collection Information regarding the political community was collected through interviewing Political Science students at the university during their project presentations. Student union council leaders were also interviewed afterwards. I also interviewed part time student-politicians at the University of Dayton via email. The email interview of part time student politicians took place before elections. In this interview, politicians explained how they are putting into place strategies to come out the best in the political race (Marshall 39). Politicians explain that daily newspapers play a critical role in either building their career or destroying it. Majority of the student politicians are new in the political community. However, tthere were a few who have been in the field long enough to know the pros and cons of political systems. They reason for involvement in politics is to help people feel they are represented in the government (Marshall 39). Politicians explain that they main means of communication are via the print and digital media. They always aim at getting closer to the electorate so that they can win their vote. This is done in a very persuasive way. In some cases, politicians choose to use incentives such money so as to win the electorates interest. From the political science students, I carried a one on one interview. Their response in regard to the political discourse community was not quite detailed. They believe that members of this community share the same idea, though they differ in interest which is propelled by propaganda. They also believe that politicians main reason for involvement in this community is both personal and public, with personal interests in most cases coming first (Paltridge 102). Data Analysis The reason for this choice of method in data collection is because it allows for direct communication with both politicians and political analysts. This also gave me a chance to have a look at the thoughts behind their ideas. The interview was only involving open-ended questions that brought out the understanding of the political community as well as different issues associated with it (Paltridge 61). The data was finally analyzed basing on the John Swales six characteristics of a discourse community. First, politicians seem to have common goals and ambitions. The political community has their target as satisfying the wishes of the general public. This community convinces people of their ability to bring changes that have long been desired. The purpose the existence of such a community is to cause representation of the population in top government and legislative chambers where the general public cannot reach (Marshall 34). Most members of the political community converse mainly through meetings. This is because most members have large followings; they are mostly in meetings to make communications. Cell phones and emails are used in situations where privacy is a key priority. The reason for using meetings for communication is because it shows their commitment and improves their performance in situations where there is need for mergers. In addition, meetings are used to raise money and grow better roots for political influence. The genre for communication in the political community accepted by most members is meetings. This is because in a single meeting, several issues can be discussed as opposed to phone calls or reports. The Lexis for the political discourse is not very unique as compared to other discourses like football coaching. This is because politicians are people from different backgrounds and the main issue involved is communication to the general public. This makes most of their communication formal. The old timers in political discourse are individuals who have been involved in politics for over ten years. These are individuals that are experienced in politics. Newcomers in political discourse are the new individuals who are joining the political community for the first time or are in their first terms in their respective political offices. Newcomers lean the political genre through continued involvement with experienced members and attending most of the meetings. Conclusion The political arena is one of the most involving communities in most countries. Some of the characteristics and traits portrayed by the political class are hard to understand and live by. Politicians have the responsibility of understanding the mind of the electorate and trying as much as possible to win their interest. There are several behind-the-scene factors that make politics interesting or not interesting. This makes it relevant to understand the literacy factors as well as general understanding that one should have in order to involve in politics. Buy custom Politicians Discourse Community essay

Preposition Review ESL Lesson Plan

Preposition Review ESL Lesson Plan Prepositions are a challenge for almost all students. There are many reasons for this, not least of which is the fact that English has numerous phrasal verbs. In this case, theres little to do except to encourage consistency and the ability to listen carefully to mistakes made. In any case, there are a few activities teachers can undertake to help students learn basic differences. Aim: Develop recognition of similar preposition use through contrast in written exercise, review of prepositionsActivity: Discussion of similar prepositions followed by a written exerciseLevel: Intermediate Outline Take a few objects into the class, such as a model car, an apple, etc. Use simple sentences to help the class understand the differences between in/into, out/out of, etc. using the propositions.Give the students some of the objects and encourage them to come up with their own sentences, especially focusing on the finer differences between the prepositions discussed.Discuss some of the basics using the preposition checklist below. Ask students to come up with exceptions such as in the morning, afternoon, and evening but at night.  Pass out the handout and ask students to get into pairs to work through the short exercise.Correct worksheet as a class and discuss problems  or questions.Repeat first activity to help reinforce learning. Preposition Checklist Use to with verbs of movement.  She drove to the store./He walked to the park.Use at with places within a city with verbs that do NOT express movement.  Ill meet you at the shopping mall./I like to relax at home on the weekend.Use on with surfaces, both horizontal and vertical.  Thats a beautiful picture on the wall./I like the vase on the table.Use into, out of and onto to express movement from one place to another.  She drove out of the garage./Please put the keys onto the table.  Use in with months, years, cities, states, and countries.  She lives in San Diego./I will see you in April.Use at with times of the day. Lets meet at five oclock./I want to begin the meeting at two.   A Strange Noise in the Night Worksheet It was late (at/in) night when I heard the noise. I got (out of/outside) bed and decided to investigate. First, I went (into/in) the living room and kitchen. Everything seemed to be OK in those rooms. Then I heard the noise (again/over). It was coming from (out/outside), so I put (on/off) my jacket, opened the door and went (into/out of) the backyard. Unfortunately, I had forgotten to (pick up/in) a flashlight on my way (inside/out) the door. It was a dark night and there was a light rain falling. I couldnt see much, so I kept stepping (into/onto) things in the yard. The sound continued to repeat and was coming (over/from) the area (on/in) the other side (to/of) the house. I slowly walked (through/around) the house to see what was making the noise. There was a small table (in/on) the porch which was (next/near) to the wall. (On/To) top of this table was a bowl with some rocks (into/inside). A small mouse was trying to get (out/above) and was moving the rocks (around/through) the bowl making the noise. It was very strange, but now I could go back (in/to) sleep!

Wjhat is the nature of science in Social Science Essay

Wjhat is the nature of science in Social Science - Essay Example There are many different types of social scientists, one of which includes the positivist social scientists, who use methods similar to those of natural science, for the means of understanding society and tend to practice a stricter discipline in study. Those who practice interpretivist social science, by contrast, may use symbolic interpretation or social critique, as opposed to their trying to construct empirically falsifiable theories. The social science model of inquiry process is conducted in a number of stages that are found to be similar to those used in natural sciences, these are the identification of a problem or the formulation of a research question, the development of a relevant hypothesis, the gathering of data, the analysis of the collected data and the drawing of conclusions based on this data. Following the age of enlightenment, in which many revolutions in philosophy and science occurred around the year 1650, scientists began to understand how little they truly knew about the natural world and humanitys place within it. Great philosophers such as Rousseau and Diderot began laying down the groundwork for modern social science practice in the 18th century, which was codified by works such as those put forth by Auguste Comte and Charles Fourier. It was Comte who first coined the phrase "science sociale" to describe the study and practice of the field taking root. It is therefore noteworthy to investigate the theories of the philosophers in exploring the science in social science. Social scientists often make use of an eclectic or multiple methodologies, such as the combining of quantitative and qualitative techniques, although the term social research also can encompass a wide umbrella of techniques in and of itself (Kuper and Kuper, 1996). Parsons (1938) affirms that no science develops in a vacuum either socially or intellectually. The scientific content of any

Discuss the usefulness and limitations of financial ratios in Essay - 1

Discuss the usefulness and limitations of financial ratios in evaluating the performance and management of companies - Essay Example 300). The most common ratio is the current ratio/working capital ratio which represents the ratio of current assets to current assets. This ratio shows the company’s capability to meet its short term bills and expenses. Current ratio which is greater than one is more preferred since it means that the company has more current assets than current liabilities. A ratio which is less than one is unfavorable because it means that the company has more current liabilities than assets (Whittington 1980, p. 222). A high current ratio indicates a safety cushion and increases the flexibility since some of the stock items and receivables in arrears may not be easily be converted into cash. Entities can improve current ratio by the conversion of short term debts into long term debt, collecting promptly its receivables, buying inventory when only needed and necessary and paying down all debt. Current ratio is given by: This ratio is often termed as a more stringent liquidity test as it indicates whether a firm has adequate short-term assets to cover for current liabilities and this excludes selling inventory. A ratio of 1:1 shows that that an entity can pay its expenses without being forced to sell inventory (Barnes 1987, p.484). Working capital is a measure of cash flow and for an entity to be running well, this ratio must always be positive. This ratio measures the amount of that has been invested in resources subject to quick turn over. In most cases, lenders use this ratio to evaluate and ascertain the ability of the company at hard times (Whittington 1980, p. 219). In the financial year 2013, easy jet plc had the following liquidity ratios namely, current ratio of 0.89, quick ratio of 0.89 and a cash ratio of 0.75. All these ratios were positive thus favorable for the entity. One major limitation of the liquidity ratios is that they do not focus much on the

Fourth Amendment forbids only unreasonable searches and seizures Essay

Fourth Amendment forbids only unreasonable searches and seizures - Essay Example The ultimate reason for the Officer searching the container in the car is to gather adequate evidence that prove the suspect illicit act. This stands out that, any evidence established would be worth to use against the defendant, and for further investigations of illegitimate act. In this case, the fourth amendment regards that, when under such circumstances, it is objectively sound for the officer to consider that the scope of the suspect’s approval authorized him to open the container in the Automobile (Legal professionals, 2012). In fact, it would be reasonable for the suspect to permit the Officer to open the container despite being guilt of the offence. Thus, I must conclude that, the evidences should be permitted against the defendant, and arrested if found guilt after carrying out comprehensive investigations. For instance, having seen a paper bag with cocaine clearly shows that the suspect appeared to be involved in a drug

Negative views on a collges reputation Research Paper - 1

Negative views on a collges reputation - Research Paper Example The image that parents like of a college is that of well groomed, happy students who are academically focused and facing challenges that are no more difficult than the next exam. However, the exploration of self during the time period of college can lead to some risk behaviors that puts students in situations that threaten their safety. Most of the time, these situations are navigated and the parents have the illusion of a safe and secure child that is away at college. However, drinking statistics suggest that there is a better than 50% chance that their child is participating in heavy drinking once a week. The more terrifying survey result shows that college students don’t learn from the bad experiences they have while under the influence of alcohol and routinely underestimate that amount of alcohol they can drink before consequences are likely to occur (Knox and Schacht 475). When these behaviors lead to a situation that is beyond waking up with regret, an incident can occur that puts the university and the students at the center of the public stage, its reputation on the line and the safety of the students under its care in question. This happened to Duke University when members of the Lacrosse team held a party on March 13, 2006 which involved drinking and resulted in the decision to call an escort service to provide two Caucasian strippers. One African American arrived and one partial Asian woman arrived at the party, which caused some difficulties as they were not as ordered and in the end, the African American woman ended up accusing three of the members of the team, including the two captains of the team, with rape (Taylor and Johnson). The occasion of hiring strippers for athletic team parties was not uncommon on the campus and Taylor and Johnson report that as many as twenty parties that year had already occurred in which strippers had been

Understanding, Explaining, and Eliminating Sexual Harassment by James Essay

Understanding, Explaining, and Eliminating Sexual Harassment by James P. Sterba - Essay Example Sexual harassment can occur between two people of the same gender. Various people have tried explaining sexual harassment. Most people believe that sexual harassment is caused by a wide variety of factors. Cultural factors, social factors and personal psychological factors are believed to be the main causes of sexual harassment. Some cultures believe that women should always be submissive to men. As a result men hailing from such cultures tend to believe that they can have their way with women. Such men will go forcefully touching and grabbing women, which constitutes to sexual harassment. Indecent behavior is also one of the main causes of sexual harassment. Some men and women are guilty of dressing inappropriately in the workplace. This tempts the members of both the opposite sex and same sex. This can lead to the sexual advancement and sexual coercion. Lack of moral values may also cause sexual harassment. Some people are brought up in society where acts of sexual harassment are not condemned. Such people will have a problem in the future adapting to what is considered morally right by the larger society (Boland 78). There are people who also tend to believe that one gender is superior to the other. Such people discriminate against members of the other gender. They end up verbally abusing or forcefully touching the members of the other gender. Research has shown that women are more vulnerable to sexual harassment at the workplace due to the fact that they often lack power. They are afraid of losing their jobs and will not report the incidents of sexual harassment. Most men also use their powerful roles in the organizations to solicit for sexual favors from women for in exchange for work related benefits. Economic and social changes in the recent past have resulted in women taking up powerful positions in many organizations. Some men feel intimidated by this fact and resort to harassing such women in their workplaces. Many

Negative views on a collges reputation Research Paper - 1

Negative views on a collges reputation - Research Paper Example The image that parents like of a college is that of well groomed, happy students who are academically focused and facing challenges that are no more difficult than the next exam. However, the exploration of self during the time period of college can lead to some risk behaviors that puts students in situations that threaten their safety. Most of the time, these situations are navigated and the parents have the illusion of a safe and secure child that is away at college. However, drinking statistics suggest that there is a better than 50% chance that their child is participating in heavy drinking once a week. The more terrifying survey result shows that college students don’t learn from the bad experiences they have while under the influence of alcohol and routinely underestimate that amount of alcohol they can drink before consequences are likely to occur (Knox and Schacht 475). When these behaviors lead to a situation that is beyond waking up with regret, an incident can occur that puts the university and the students at the center of the public stage, its reputation on the line and the safety of the students under its care in question. This happened to Duke University when members of the Lacrosse team held a party on March 13, 2006 which involved drinking and resulted in the decision to call an escort service to provide two Caucasian strippers. One African American arrived and one partial Asian woman arrived at the party, which caused some difficulties as they were not as ordered and in the end, the African American woman ended up accusing three of the members of the team, including the two captains of the team, with rape (Taylor and Johnson). The occasion of hiring strippers for athletic team parties was not uncommon on the campus and Taylor and Johnson report that as many as twenty parties that year had already occurred in which strippers had been

School Workload and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescent Tardiness Research Paper

School Workload and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescent Tardiness - Research Paper Example Student’s Study Time and Their Homework Problem (Zuzanek, 2008) explores the students’ workloads, its demographics, trends, and its personal implications for the student’s well-being. The study explores the relationship of the study time the students spend (both at school and at home) and the so-called â€Å"homework problem† raised by North Americans. It is interesting to know from the study the possible reasons behind tardiness related to the time spent by students at school, though no direct analysis was stated in this study between school workload and tardiness. This should provide a vague understanding on what might a student experiencing heavy school workload for them to consider being tardy in classes. Both independent (study time) and dependent (â€Å"homework problem†) variables used in this study are broadly defined, but may provide valuable information for this paper. The participants in this study used time diaries programmed with  "beeper self-reports† wherein they log their activity, its importance and interest, their location, people around them, affect, feelings of time pressure, willingness to do anything else, and will take place when they were signaled by the â€Å"beep†. ... This research measured the student’s study time (also in comparison with other countries) and the determinants of what was called â€Å"homework problem†. However, the article did not further discuss the â€Å"class time problem† even if it mentions its greater urgency than â€Å"homework problem† in when students prefer to do anything else; perhaps it is already beyond the focus of the paper. Psychosocial Aspects of Truancy in Early Adolescence (Nielsen & Gerber, 1979) investigated the aspects of truancy among the selected 33 truants within those individuals, their families, their peers, and their school teachers and administrators. The independent variables are the psychosocial aspects while the dependent variable is truancy. This study presents an interesting concept of truancy, for even if it is a different concept from tardiness, it does have a common similarity: the former speaks of absence from school in terms of school days while the latter deals w ith the absence from school in terms of school minutes or hours. Caution must be exercised not to consider tardiness as a less harmful form of truancy, as these concepts are perceived to be completely different, as truancy is likely intentional while most cases of tardiness is not, though students disliked their habit of being truant. This study used different methods in extracting the psychosocial aspects of truancy, namely interview to the truants and school administrators, analysis of the school data of the incidences of truancy, grades, test scores and attendances of the truants under study. The sample truants were scheduled for interview using a 60-90 minute

Politics and Hierarchy in Shakespeares As You like It Essay Example for Free

Politics and Hierarchy in Shakespeares As You like It Essay In William Shakespeare’s play, As you Like It, there are lots of interesting themes which both drive the action and speak to the culture that the author lived in. Among those interesting themes are the classic Shakespearean ideal of love, issues dealing with family relationships, and perhaps more importantly, politics and hierarchy. In this comedy, the dichotomy between certain characters becomes evident early on and continues for the entirety of the work. Over time, the reader comes to understand that many of the decisions made by Orlando and Oliver in their conflict are due to the perceived hierarchy of the society and the politics that would result from the decisions. In addition, the relationship between Duke Frederick and Duke Senior is one that explores lots of hierarchical themes associated with living in England at the time. These pertinent examples and more are explored in a light, intellectual way throughout the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Politics and hierarchy are primarily relevant when one considers the relationships between the various characters. One important plot aspect is the relationship between Orlando and Oliver. Orlando is a victim of circumstance and he is fully aware of his plight. In a way, he is a sympathetic character that has no recourse in trying to make his situation better. In his relationship with his older brother, Orlando is constantly under emotional torment from Oliver. Their conflict is at the heart of the story and it is an important theme throughout. Where does this conflict come from? Ultimately, it is the result of a decision that was made by the father of the two boys. Oliver received the inheritance from the father and took advantage of the land in his father’s estate. From that, there exists a hierarchical battle between the two brothers for the rest of their life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stark contrast in the hierarchy is best represented by these two brothers because the example is so pure. Oliver is different from Orlando not only because he owns the estate, but also because he has other advantages that put him above Orlando in social status. During the comedy, there are many times when Orlando can be found telling his servant Adam that Oliver refuses to educate him and provide anything for him. Though the reader does not know much about the relationship of the brothers before their father died, one can reasonably infer that they had a decent relationship. Once Oliver elevated himself to a greater status in the hierarchy, he not only abandoned Orlando, but even took the initiative to make his brother’s life harder. This even comes to a violent head when the two brothers engage in a fight when Oliver comes to see Orlando. Orlando gets the better of that conflict and makes sure that Oliver understands that. Since this is a comedy, Shakespeare makes sure that the conflict between the brothers is presented in a sarcastic nature that the readers can enjoy. Clearly, Orlando makes light of his own plight and even makes a comment about his relatively low status in comparison to his brother. In the play, Orlando remarks to Oliver, â€Å"I am helping you to mar that which God made, a poor, unworthy brother of yours, with idleness† (Shakespeare). This sarcasm is put into the play to provide a light moment, but it also represents the fact that Oliver looks upon his brother as being something of a joke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is another hierarchical aspect of their relationship that must be considered. During that time, there was a huge gap in education for the wealthy and the poor. As such, those with money could go to the few schools that existed, while people without money had to learn skills in order to survive. From this, a certain perception began to exist that colored uneducated people as being somewhat barbaric. This interesting dichotomy is presented well by Shakespeare, as he attempts to inform the reader that Orlando is both a better fighter and a more vindictive person, while his brother Oliver was much more cultured. This was one of the many ways that people were separated by class during that time. It was all based upon money, wealth, and power, but other things came as a result of that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As only Orlando’s brother, Oliver should have never taken a role of sovereignty over him. Instead, their relationship should have still existed like a normal one during that time. However, William Shakespeare uses the relationship between the two brothers in this play as a means of displaying his own political thoughts during the time. A Paul Yachnin article published in the HighBeam Encyclopedia indicates the fact that Shakespeare did this in many of his plays. In that article, Yachnin writes, â€Å"In the play, the political and social relations between masters and their subjects places loyalty at the center of the system of relations devoted to instituting a regime of absolutist politics† (Yachnin). The loyalty between the brothers is at the center of their conflict, as Orlando feels that his brother has not been loyal to him because of social status. On the flip side of that, Oliver feels that Orlando should look up to him as something of a master, when in fact, they are just brothers. This is an interest dichotomy between the two characters that plays itself out in a series of fights, both physical and verbal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the aforementioned hierarchy in Shakespeare’s play, politics also play a huge role in driving the action. Though politics are not a major player in the relationship between Orlando and Oliver, they do power the relationship between Duke Frederick and Duke Senior. In fact, this is one of the primary plot sequences that is very important to the storyline. Duke Frederick oversteps his bounds in this comedy, as he is not supposed to move to the top of the political latter over his brother. In English society at the time, people were locked into their roles in society. This was true even among the rich people. Though they were clearly above poor people in society, they had to worry about staying put in their position in the upper crust of the political scene. When Duke Frederick supplants Duke Senior in the political scene, a huge conflict is born. Interestingly, Shakespeare finds a creative way to intertwine the two separate stories, drawing connections between the social roles of the various characters in the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Politics play a substantial role in the plight of the two dukes because they cause Duke Senior to have to live somewhere else. When Duke Frederick takes the place of his older brother, there is no option that allows both of them to just live in harmony in the same area. Instead, Duke Senior is banished from the duchy and has to live with plain nobles in a wooded area. Though he did not get banished to living with the peasants who were living completely off of the land and good graces of the upper crust, Duke Senior did not get to take advantage of the life with which he had become accustomed. That is a very important theme for the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Alan Bloom book, Shakespeare’s Politics, has an interesting take on the inner workings of how the author thought. There is lots of speculation about what sort of political thinker William Shakespeare was and the majority of that can be seen in his works. In As You Like It, it is clear that Shakespeare both searched for and figured out the answers to many of the most important questions of his day. According to Bloom, the author tosses harsh criticism on some of the systems that existed during his day (Bloom). Some examples of this include Shakespeare’s constant criticism of the class system, which he believed was bad for English society. While Shakespeare may have taken harder political stances in some of his other works like Julius Caesar, he certainly addresses the current landscape in each of his works. When dealing with the two Dukes in As you Like It, Shakespeare makes light of how their folly makes both of their lives more difficult. It was an interesting approach to take because most of the political thought during the time was breaking down the class distinctions between the reach and the poor. Very few authors or thinkers had even considered the politics that existed among the distinct groups. Shakespeare had the progressive vision to try his best to understand what sort of political motives drove advancement within certain social castes. In this comedy, he finds that even the rich jockey for position, as Duke Frederick used â€Å"creative† means to get rid of his older brother and take control of the power in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robin Headlam Wells wrote a book about how Shakespeare used politics as a major theme in his work. In the book, Shakespeare, Politics, and the State, Wells writes about how Shakespeare constantly uses the voices of his characters to present problems within the political and hierarchical system (Wells). In this particular comedy, the beauty of the work is that each of the characters has their own role in the madness that existed within the English political system at the time. He uses all of the characters to make it well known that no one individual person or individual group was affected less or more by the makeshift caste system that England used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare himself was one of the people who understood how the political system could impact just about everyone. In order to understand the uses in his book, one has to understand Shakespeare’s political opinions and his experiences with politics. One website indicated that, â€Å"Shakespeare knew people who had been arrested and tortured friends and family members† (William-Shakespeare.org). This is interesting to consider in that he knew that people who did not have affluence had a hard time surviving in the current political system. As such, his criticisms of the current political system had to be somewhat hushed by the constant fear that he might be prosecuted for such comments. Given the fact that Shakespeare had family that had been the victim of political happenstance, it is interesting to consider his take on the dynamic of Orlando and Oliver. The author understood the plight of Orlando more so than he did the situation of Oliver, so in many ways, he favors Orlando in his writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As you Like It is an interesting play by William Shakespeare that addresses many different themes that were prevalent in English society during the time of the author. Among those are the common themes of politics and hierarchy. In his breakdown of the various relationship of individuals within the comedy, Shakespeare actually sheds a little bit of light on what it might have been like to live in England during that time.   Works Cited Alexander, Catherine. Shakespeare and Politics. 13 September 2004.   Cambridge University Press. Bloom, Allan. Shakespeare’s Politics. 1 December 1996. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. Wells, Robin Headlam. Shakespeare Politics and State. December 1986. Palgrave McMillan Publishing. William Shakespeare and Elizabethan Politics. http://www.william-shakespeare.org.uk/william-shakespeare-politics.htm Yachnin, Paul. High Beam Encyclopedia. Shakespeare’s Politics and Loyalty. 22 March 1993. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-14363559.html

Effects of Alzheimers On Response Times

Effects of Alzheimers On Response Times John C. Hemby Physiological Psychology Dr. Colleen Miron There are many advances in science that has allowed us to understand, cope and in some cases treat certain diseases of the brain. However, there is much we still do not know about many of them. Alzheimer’s would be one of these disorders. The text states that Alzheimer’s is defined as a persistent, degenerating disorder that inhibits the brain’s cells or neurons and thus resulting in memory loss, language skills and rapid changes in behavior (Kalat, 2012). This usually occurs in the older aged population, around the age of sixty-five and isn’t considered to be a normal part of the aging process. According to an Alzheimer’s organization website, a person is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s every sixty-seven seconds and that there are currently more than 5 million Americans that have this disease (Help End Alzheimer’s, n.d.). One of the issues of having this disease deals with enumeration or recollection of numbers by counting. The text states that individuals with Alzheimer’s cannot recall learning certain skills i.e. golfing and are often surprised when they do well (Kalat, 2012). This research in this article is important because it shows how well a person with Alzheimer’s can quickly recall how many numbers are in a certain area just by looking at it. This is a simple experiment in that it will be easy to measure the reaction times and the task of counting isn’t that complex in comparison to golfing. According to the article, individuals that have Alzheimer’s sometimes have difficulty with visual enumeration. This means that a person with Alzheimer’s has difficulty counting visual numbers or tracking down a number in a specific area, i.e. looking for number 42 in a numerical list of 1-100. This study is unique in that finding the reaction time difference between olde r adults that have Alzheimer’s and those that don’t would be a quantifiable aspect and gives more proof to the damage that the brain receives from this disease. The researchers in this article are doctors Maylor, Watson and Muller and they studied the subject of visual enumeration in patients with Alzheimer’s in the year 2005. The hypothesis of the study was that the participants’ with Alzheimer’s would have a significant increase in response time in counting numbers, subitizing numbers(readily knowing a number just by looking at the amount of figures in a picture) and finding numbers in comparison to older adults that did not have Alzheimer’s (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). The study was conducted using participants from a resident home that specialized in the care of people with dementia. These participants were already diagnosed with dementia by professional health providers (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). There were a total of 12 participants whom had Alzheimer’s and their average age was 81 years old with 4 men and 8 women in the study. The other participants had an average age of 79 and only 8 participants; with only 3 being men and 5 were women. The researchers also gave the participants a Mini-Mental State Examination or MMSE, and the control group scored higher than the Alzheimer’s participants; 17.3 was the average for the Alzheimer’s participants and 29.4 was the average for the control group (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). Last, all of the participants were voluntary and did not receive any payments for their participation. The researchers used a laptop to be used as a visual for the participants. The laptop also measured response times (RT) and synched the displays. The participants utilized the spacebar key on the laptop as the response button. They put the screen at eye level with a distance of 60 cm. Then a researcher put in the responses with their own keypad. The stimuli on the screen were red circles displayed on a black background. They randomly generated the stimuli in order to avoid any counting ahead (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). The experimenter conducted the tests individually in a room that was either at the resident facility or at the home of the control group participant and the room had nothing but the laptop and the two people conducting the experiment. The initial test was the MMSE and then an enumeration task, a block of demonstration on the task, 3 turns of practice trials and last, there were 3 turns of experimental trials (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). The participants were required to press the spacebar for how many circles they saw. The results of the study indicated that the Alzheimer’s participants were slower than the control group, 1.4 seconds to be exact. The data was analyzed by using ANOVA’s to demonstrate the difference in response time and the accuracy of the numbers between the two groups. However, they had the same accuracy in seeing how many items were currently present on the monitor (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). There were some differences in the results with the numbering portion of the experiment. The participants with Alzheimer’s had a significant reduction in response time in comparison to the control group in the subitization part. The second part, counting, the Alzheimer’s participants were significantly slower than their counterparts as well. The hypothesis was supported by the results of the experiment (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). The conclusion of this study shows a definitive, qualitative answer between Alzheimer’s and normal older adults’ response time. This in turn shows where to start on how to improve those with Alzheimer’s response time especially since there isn’t any issue with their accuracy (Maylor, Watson, and Muller, 2005). There were several issues with this study. First, instead of using a cross sectional study, the researchers should have utilized a longitudinal study; that way they could see how slower the participants got overtime as their Alzheimer’s progressed. The second issue is that they should have acquired individuals that had just become diagnosed with early stages of Alzheimer’s; in the study they give no indication on what stage these participants were at. Last, there was an issue with the amount of participants in the study. The average was too generalized and needed a larger group to narrow down the averages (mean) in order to acquire a hi gher quality of data. There are some different avenues of approach for future studies on this particular subject. The first approach could be that men and women may suffer from Alzheimer’s differently, therefore in the future the men and women should be separated into different groups. This would show if there were any differences between the sexes. The next idea is that according to the text, those that drink coffee are less likely to have Alzheimer’s (Kalat, 2012). So for a future research idea, one should have the participants drink coffee for a while before starting the experiment. This could show if the effects of Alzheimer’s are mitigated when given a stimulant, i.e. caffeine. The last idea would have to be instead of utilizing numbers, use matching words. For example, gauge a participant’s reaction time by having a word on the screen and then the participant has to choose a synonym for that word i.e. happy equals jovial. This would show if a participant with Alzheimerâ⠂¬â„¢s can recall a larger vocabulary and in a timely manner. References Help End Alzheimers. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2014, from http://www.alz.org/ Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology, 11th Edition. Cengage Learning, 01/2012. VitalBook file. Maylor, E. A., Watson, D. G., Muller, Z. (2005). Effects of Alzheimers disease on visual enumeration. The Journals Of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences And Social Sciences, 60(3), P129- P135.

The Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Picture in your mind a young girl that is almost done with her freshman year of high school. These next few years are supposed to be some of the best years of this girl’s life. But instead of this young girl worrying about what clothes she is going to wear, or how she is going to style her hair, she has to worry about side effects of chemotherapy. Melinda has been diagnosed with Hodskins Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph nodes, at age fifteen. When all the other fifteen-year-old girls are busy chasing boys and dealing will all the drama that comes with high school Melinda is in the hospital getting blood transfusions because the chemo has depleted her of necessary cells. The chemo that Melinda has transfused into her has many side effects that come with it. The chemo basically kills a person in order to kill the cancer cells. These side effects include nausea, intense pain and a loss of appetite. There is only one drug that exists today that has the potential to cure all of the above side effects, and that is marijuana. This drug is currently illegal, and doctors cannot prescribe it to patients. This issue affects college students because we are the ones that are going to play a role in this debate in the future. Many of us are going to become doctors, FBI agents, or United States Senators. That is why college students need to be informed about this complex issue. We are the ones that are going to be making decisions about this issue later on in our lives. The debate on legalizing marijuana for medical use is not just a simple pro/con debate. It is a very complex issue that has many different approaches to it, and in each of the approaches there are differences of opinion. Three main sides to this debate are the medical approach, government and enforcement approach, and the lawmaker approach. The medical approach consists of doctors that treat cancer patients, and cultural beliefs that since marijuana is illegal it should not be used at all. Some doctors and people of the public believe that marijuana should be used to treat side effects of chemotherapy, and other doctors and people of the public believe that it should not be used as a medicine.

The Constant

â€Å"The Constant† is an episode from the fourth of six seasons of the critically acclaimed drama series, Lost, which aired on the American Broadcasting Company between September 2004 and May 2010. The initial opening of Lost begins with a plane crash on a deserted island. Throughout the extent of the series, the survivors of the crash are challenged by fear of the unknown island, desperation for food and water, and most importantly, each other.The deserted island in which the series takes place is not Just any island – that is, it is not able to be found by anyone living outside of it – and once the characters are iving there, they essentially have no way out. They are trapped, and can be found by no one. There is a mysterious group of civilians who are called â€Å"The Others† living on the island when Oceanic flight 81 5 crashes.This group of â€Å"Others† is part of the scientific research organization called the â€Å"Dharma Initiative† which has placed several stations at differing locations on the island, a sequence of numbers that seems to appear in lives of characters from the past, present, and future and personal connections among characters of which they are unaware. The main character of focus in the episode â€Å"The Constant† is Desmond Hume, a man who was captured on the island long before Oceanic flight 81 5 crashed.He is residing in the hatch, an underground room that supposedly releases an electromagnetic charge to prevent a large buildup of electromagnetic energy. Desmond is forced by the means of survival to punch numbers into a computer for several years, told that if he refuses to punch the numbers the world as he knows it will come to an end. At one point, Desmond misses the timer on the computer and does not punch in the numbers on time. As a result, a massive electromagnetic field is released, attracting all metal object to the hatch, and consequentially causing Oceanic flight 815 to cr ash on the island.Desmond manages to stop and therefore safely disperse the electromagnetism by punching the code into the computer after it hits zero, but is too late to prevent the plane from crashing. By season four, Desmond has already begun to interact with the survivors on the island. In the previous season, Charlie, another survivor from the Oceanic 81 5 crash, had come into contact with Desmond's old girlfriend Penny, and informs Desmond hat a boat which a woman by the name of Naomi had brought to the island, did not in fact belong to Penny as Naomi had claimed.Charlie then drowns, leaving Desmond with several unanswered questions. Realizing that Naomi's story is false, Desmond gets on a helicopter with Sayid and Frank to fly to the freight. As the helicopter flies through a storm, Desmond begins to have flashbacks of a familiar reality to his past in 1996 before his life on the island. Shifting back and forth between the past and the present forces Desmond to lose all memor y of the island and Sayid, who is accompanying him on the helicopter.Sayid's concern leads him to contact Daniel Faraday, a man on the island from the freighter, in order to receive some kind of answer to what Desmond is experiencing. Daniel explains that what Desmond is experiencing is actually a form of time travel, and explains to Desmond that when he reverts back to 1996 again, he needs to find Daniel at Oxford University and seek out his help. Here, Daniel performs a test on his pet rat, Eloise, and realizes that Desmond is experiencing a shift of consciousness through time travel.Eloise dies within less than two hours due to the stress to her brain. Daniel informs Desmond that in order to stop the time travel, he must find a ‘constant', something that exists in both 1996 and 2004, the present year. A man strapped to a bed on the freighter by the name of Minkowski is experiencing the same consciousness travel as Desmond but for a longer period of time, and due to the high stress once again caused by the time travel, and the fact that he is unable to find a constant, Minkowski also dies.Frightened, Desmond chooses Penny to be his constant and realizes that in order to fulfill it, he must acquire Penny's phone number and call her from the freighter on December 24, 2004, that day. When Desmond travels back in time once again to 1996, he finds Penny angry and unwilling to speak to him, but explains himself and pleads, saying he needs her phone number and promises not to call for eight years. With the help of Sayid, Desmond uses a phone located on the freighter to call Penny and finds out she has been searching for him for the past three years and she knows about the island.Back on the island, Daniel is searching through his old Journal in which he wrote notes during his time at Oxford, and found an old not he had written, â€Å"If nything goes wrong, Desmond Hume is my constant. † This episode of Lost is an excellent work and is full of several a rtistic and technical hallmarks, some of which are displayed best in the physical and emotional pain Desmond experiences through his time travel between 1996 and 2004. It is obvious throughout the episode until the end that Desmond is having many difficulties controlling his actions due to the fact that he is unable to control when his body switches between the two years.In 1996, he wants to obey his sergeant major's commands when he is in the army, but his consciousness is reacting in ways he is nable to control and he is therefore unable to fulfill any of his responsibilities. Desmond's lack of concentration causes the sergeant major to become so angry that he forces all of the army men to complete extra physical labor. Desmond then leaves to find Daniel Faraday and is again unable to control his conscious actions. He is desperate to find an answer to what is happening to him, and begs Daniel for his help.Desmond witnesses Minkowski die on the freighter due to the same problems he himself is having, and recognizes that if he does not find a constant, he will soon die. When Desmond needs to find Penny to be his constant, he again experiences great frustration because she is initially unwilling to speak to him. However, when she finally gives in and offers Desmond her phone number, Desmond returns to 2004 and immediately calls her to find that she has been searching for him for three years. The episode then presents to the viewer a glimpse of Desmond again in 1996, where he is smiling with gratitude.Harmony is present once Desmond is able to connect with Penny and he is finally able to complete his mission and bring an end to the once unstoppable and unwanted time travelling experiences. The Constant† is not harmonious until this point in the episode, when Desmond realizes that his long-lost love is searching for him and knows about the island. This also represents an element ot ‘Lite and Death' because when Desmond witnesses Minkowski's realizes i t is absolutely necessary to find a constant in order to survive. Both the acting and cinematography in this episode as well as in the entire series is incredible.It is a turning point in the series because it introduced time travel as no longer a question in the world of Lost, but an actual that is definitely possible. This lone answered several questions for the viewer. The episode explained why Desmond lost his memory and why time travel occurs; and new, important characters are introduced as well. Faraday is notably in this episode one of the most important characters because he is able to explain the time travel Desmond is experiencing – and how to stop it – and seems to understand the island better than anyone else.

The Best Way of Reducing Stress

Almost stresses and difficulties of modern life are caused by high density of working when people face to hard problems in daily working. It seems to me that the best ways to reduce the stress is playing sports to relax and think wisely to find the best solution to overcome the difficulties. According to me, playing sports is the best way to relax and release the stress. When you get the stress it means that your body is tired and your brain is no longer sober. In that case playing sports gives you not only good physical health but also sober mind. Moreover, playing sports help you extricate yourself from negative thinking because when you focus in the game you always think positive therefore you will get fresh mental powers. In my case, whether I feel stressed or not, I always play my favorite sports at the weekend. In summer I choose swimming, in winter I choose table tennis or badminton. To me, playing sports at the weekend helps me free all the strains of the passing week and give me more power for the coming week. Along with the way that I have mentioned above, in order to get out of the difficulties, one more thing you should do is to think wisely and try to find the best solution for hard problem that you are facing to. When getting into hard problems, people tend to work continuously for very long time without a break and they think with high density of working will help them escape the hard situation. They are wrong, because the more they are tired the less their brain is intelligent. In my opinion, in that case they should reduce their work and think in another way before continue. For example, they had better discuss and share this problem with other friends and co-workers, more people have more ideas and the best idea will help them to solve the hard problem. Taking all above discussions into account, it seems very clear that playing sports is the most effective way for combating stress and thinking wisely is the most positive way to solve the difficulties.

Study Plan for Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering and its importance Advertisements Chemical engineering has a number of applications in our day to day lives. This course is offered to students at the graduate and postgraduate levels. Upon the accomplishment of their studies, individuals can apply for jobs with firms of the private or public sector firms. Placement opportunities are available for aspirants within some of the prestigious Indian firms such as Reliance and Indian Oil etc. One can say that this sector is one of the many areas where one can get good jobs as well as other opportunities of the right type.In this article we are going to discuss about the importance of chemical engineering as well as its numerous applications. Importance of Chemical Engineering Areas where chemical engineering is applicable in our day to day lives include: Coal preparation and mineral processing Explosives manufacturing Fertilizer industry Food processing Glass and specialty chemicals Paints Steel and aluminum production In addition to the above mentioned areas, chemical engineering also has applications in production of electronics, clothing, paper and photographic equipment etc.The scope for individuals in the field of chemical engineering is bound to grow in time. This is mainly because of industrial growth as well as the related scarcity of the resources those are required. In future years, chemical engineers will be needed to develop synthetic replacement for those resources as well as materials that are low in supply. In overall, it can be said that chemical engineers will be able to make very crucial contributions to the improvement in addition to the maintenance of the quality of our lives.Areas where one can apply his knowledge: Although chemical engineering is relatively a new field, this field of engineering has shown a speedy expansion during the last few decades. This has in turn led to rise in importance of chemical engineering as well as the number of jobs. Career opportunities for t hese professionals are available with R&D departments, especially in the field of energy as well in developing fields such as nanotechnology and biotechnology. Chemical Plants Petrochemical Plants Pharmaceuticals Petroleum Refining PlantsMineral Based Industries Electronics Industry Photographic Equipment Units Clothing Units Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Aircraft Industry Some Job Types Supervisor Technical Specialist Project Manager Project Engineer Teacher Researcher Environmental, Safety & Regulatory Manager Quality Manager Senior Process Engineer Product Development Engineer Fuel Meter Calibration Technician In the government sector, chemical engineers can find jobs in areas where solutions for environmental problems like recycling, water treatment and others are needed.They can also get work with departments of energy conservation as well as with defense establishments. Sir William Wakeham on the Importance of Chemical Engineering Sep. 06, 2011 Sir William Wakeham, President, I ChemE Sir William Wakeham, President, IChemE more Sir William Wakeham, President, IChemE From Reliance Industries’ Mukesh Ambani to stand-up comedian and perpetual watermelon smasher †¦ A Wide Range – From Reliance Industries' Mukesh Ambani and SABIC's Mohammed al-Mady to stand-up comedian and perpetual watermelon smasher Gallagher, chemical engineers can be found in almost every walk of life. And if you have never heard of Gallagher, you can replace him with Dolph Lundgren, who forewent a career in chemical engineering when he found success as Ivan Drago in the movie Rocky IV). These days, chemical engineering is as diverse as the people who study it, covering areas from biotechnology to mineral processing, and its significance for the chemical industry is now more important than ever. Sir William Wakeham is currently president of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), a global professional membership organization for people who have an interest in and r elevant experience in chemical engineering.He spoke with Brandi Schuster on how the field has evolved, what IChemE does to encourage students to study chemical engineering and the importance of having chemical engineers in all levels within chemical and pharmaceutical companies. CHEManager Europe: Sir William, the term â€Å"chemical engineering† doesn't have quite the same meaning as maybe 50 years ago. How do you think the profession has evolved? Sir William Wakeham: These days there is much more of a focus on the word â€Å"process engineering† rather than â€Å"chemical engineering. Often the processes involved are still chemical, but they now encompass many more things than we thought about 50 years ago. These days you have trained chemical engineers working in many process applications that aren't necessarily within the traditional realm of the chemical industry. One example of that is within the pharmaceutical business, in formulation engineering. This consists of the construction of pills, which goes hand-in-hand with the drug formulations.That involves quite a lot of chemical engineering, but wouldn't have been thought of as such 50 years ago. It's a similar situation within the water industry. There is a lot of activity which could be considered process engineering, and probably most of the reactions, if there are any, are biological reactions. All in all, I think the term has been broaden quite a bit over the last several decades in order to include many more aspects and technologies. In fact, the term â€Å"chemical engineer† is probably being replaced by â€Å"process engineer. Is the future of chemical engineering one with a very broad base? Sir William Wakeham: Yes, and in my own experience, trained chemical or process engineers are the kinds of engineers who are most able to work with other disciplines, because they have already quite a breadth in their formation as engineers. That is not quite the same for, let's say, ci vil engineers whose chemistry training is quite limited. Process engineers have a unique opportunity to bring scientists and other engineers together.Most of the big problems that the world is facing are a bit like that; people have to be brought together from different areas. What about diversity within the profession, particularly when it comes to women? Sir William Wakeham: In the UK, total chemical engineering undergraduate numbers are the most positive for women's recruitment of any engineering discipline. In the UK, about 27% of chemical engineering students are women; this is certainly a step in the right direction. What kind of activities does IChemE have to encourage more people to study chemical engineering?Sir William Wakeham: We have an enormous focus on bringing people into chemical engineering courses; this has, at least in the UK, pushed the numbers through the roof. We are particularly interested in attracting women, and one of the key elements of doing that is havin g women on the staff of chemical engineering departments who do the recruitment. Here in the UK, most departments have a substantial number of women on their faculty. In other areas of the world, such as in the Middle East, there are some cultural issues that are additional difficulty.However, in Malaysia, where we are also active, there are a significant number of women studying chemical engineering now. Apart from its European offices, IChemE is also represented in Asia, Africa and Australasia. Do you work towards promoting chemical engineering for women in these parts of the world as well? Sir William Wakeham: Yes. We have been using our activities in the UK as a basis, but fine-tuning it for the different cultural backgrounds. Clearly what needs to be done in Malaysia is not the same thing as what needs to be one in the UK. Our offices in these areas are usually staffed by local people, which is important for creating an understanding of the country's needs. What is a chemical e ngineer's role in an oil and gas industry? 2 years ago Report Abuse Shape Shape Best Answer – Chosen by Voters This is a very broad question as chemical engineers (as in someone with a chemical engineering degree) can do many different engineering jobs in the oil and gas industry, but other engineers can do them as well.For example I know people with mechanical and chemical engineering degrees that are maintenance engineers with the same job responsibilities. The same goes for a drilling fluid engineer which could be held by people of varying background and technical degrees. A chemical engineer can be involved in all parts of the oil and gas industry from building the oil rigs, drilling the wells, pumping it out of the ground, transferring it through pipelines, separating in into usable chemicals in a refinery, and finally making petroleum based products in a chemical plant.Source(s): Chemical Engineer Where Do Chemical Engineers Fit into the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry? B y Katie Horner | Comments (8) Before working for an upstream oil company, I was under the impression that chemical engineers working in oil and gas belonged in pipeline and downstream operations. For those of you not in the industry, most large, integrated oil companies consist of an upstream organization and a downstream organization. The former focuses on exploration and production and the latter refines crude petroleum into usable products (gasoline, lubricants, etc. . Within upstream, processes and departments are often separated by subsurface work and surface facility work. Generally, most ChemE’s in upstream are found on the facility side, managing projects related to tanks, pumps, pipelines and separators. Pumping Unit in Bakersfield, Ca You may be asking, what about subsurface? And, can chemical engineers contribute to a traditionally petroleum engineering realm? The answer is, most definitely! A reservoir is essentially a large tank filled with porous media and reser voir fluids – oil, gas and water.In order to recover oil or gas from a reservoir, chemical engineering fundamentals such as fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and heat transfer must be understood and applied. Petroleum engineering is not an exact science. Precise reservoir boundaries are often unknown, PVT samples are few and far between, recovery mechanisms are sometimes unclear, and original and current oil in place is determined probabilistically. The fact is, it wouldn’t be economical to collect all of the data to make it an exact science.Without having all of the data, oil companies still have been successful in recovering resources thus far. However, we’ve picked the low hanging fruit when it comes to oil and gas resources and are moving toward environments with increased complexity – heavy oil, challenging shale plays, tight gas, deepwater exploration, etc. It’s often said that the best place to find oil is within currently or previously produc ing reservoirs. As we go back in and try to capture the residual oil, chemical engineering concepts will be critical in designing processes to recover these resources.Many oil or gas recovery mechanisms are well understood, such as waterfloods or gas cap expansion. Fortunately for our profession, there are areas, such as steam and polymer floods, that still need the keen eyes of engineers to model and optimize. As we attempt to tackle the current global energy challenges, oil and gas will continue to be a key factor in the equation. While the focus of many chemical engineering graduates is in alternative energy solutions, there are still plenty of opportunities for a chemical engineer to make an impact in the world of upstream oil and gas.