Progressive Historians :: American America History

Progressive Historiansvirtuoso must decide the meaning of progressive historiography. It lavatory mean either the history written by progressive historians, or it can mean history written by historians of the Progressive era of American history and shortly after. The focus that was chosen for this paper is more in keeping with the latter interpretation, if for no other reason than it provides a useful compare-and-contrast run literature. The caveat is this the focus of this report is on the predominant question of the historiographical period was the warfare a revolution or a war for independence? One could choose many other questions to argue, questions that historians have for years disputed about the revolution, but there are a number of reasons why this report was chosen for this particular assignment the two best follow. First, it is an old and time-honored question that professors and instructors have posed to their students for years of pre-Civil War historiographical quest ions, it is perhaps second only in fashion during the last twenty to twenty-five years to the Jefferson-Hemmings paternity controversy. Second, the revolution-or-independence question is one of those which must be answered through interpretation. A case cannot be do that is so utterly conclusive as to exclude all others it is that very fact that makes history at once so frustrating and so fascinating. What unwrap way could there be to look at the writings of a specific school of historians? Therefore, in the pursuit of personal truth, we must proceed... Perhaps the almost famous of all progressive historians is Frederick Jackson Turner. His most famous argument is not devoted strictly to the American Revolution, but instead to the effects of the American frontier. In a sentence, his argument is that the frontier was the chief determinant in American history. This is not to say that Turner did not write about the war he did, in his seminal work, The Frontier in American History, t here are discussions of the frontiers effect on the coming of the revolution. It is worth noting, before exploring Turners arguments, that the frontier in this period was only about one hundred miles from the Atlantic coast. Of course, as the period under scrutiny approaches the war chronologically, the frontier moves away from the ocean. But it is all-important(prenominal) to remember that Turner defines the Jamestown of Captain John Smith in 1607 as the frontier in its initial stage.

Getting Rid Of George :: essays research papers

Personal Response to Getting Rid of George&9Robert Arthurs story, Getting Rid of George is a good gothic story because of its various instances of required gothic elements. These requirements include atmosphere, psychological state of mind, mystery, romance, and melodrama. All of these feature make this story a good gothic example.&9To begin, the setting, at one point, takes place at a dark secludes cabin in the mountains. enjoin of this is found when Harry describes "It is absolutely deserted up there at this time of year." As well, the disappearance of George to everyone except Laura and Harry adds to the sobernessy atmosphere. Again adding to the gloom and dismay of the story is the physical exploitation of cruelty shown by Laura when she repeatedly beats George with a statuette until he lay dead on the floor. noetic exploitation of cruelty is also evident when George returns from the dead and blackmails and once again tries to ruin Laura new found life. We found cl ear examples of an atmosphere of gloom and terror throughout this story proving that Getting Rid of George is a well written gothic story.&9Along with a gloomy and terrifying atmosphere, Arthur uses the element of deviant psychological states of mind to add to his gothic story. An example of irrational behavior is shown when Laura becomes outraged and spontaneously murders George. We thought, as well, that when Laura suffers a fainting spell is also an example of this psychological state of mind. Evidence of this is found when Arthur writes "Harry held Laura until the nausea within her subsided." Lastly, hallucinations were also prevalent in the story as well. We thought a good example was when Harry and Laura were bringing George to the cabin to dispose of his body, Laura claims that Georges dead eye slowly opened and gave her a knowing wink.&9Elements of mystery were also apply throughout this story. Many things were hidden or unknown. Some examples are when George walked into Lauras dressing room disguised as part of the press. His real identity, to Laura, was unknown. Also the fact that Laura murdered George and Harry is planning to help her was kept hidden from anyone and everyone. We also found obvious secrecy and obscurity in the story as well. Lauras past was kept as a deep secret as it would more than likely hurt her new career as an actress.

My Favorite Place Essay -- Place Essay

My favorite place as a child was County Park Lake. When we had family picnics because we all got together and there was great food and kids playing and the adults playing horse-shoes and could tell there was love for one another. There was no other place like this when I was a child. Some of my fondest memories was at that picnic site we should all have memories likes those.The entire family got together and it was always a last minute thing but no matter what was going on we all decide we would go up to County Park Lake to have family time. There would be my grandma and my Aunts and Uncles and their kids when we pulled up to the parking lot. down the stairs the shade trees the women would be sitting trying to stay cool and the older men of the family stand around a grill they would be sitting up the charcoal pyramid to lite to start grilling the food while the kids where at the tot lot playing the equipment you could hear the laughter of the kids playing . as well as the mean talking about which is the best way to grill. The women would be laughing at the guys arguing over which way was bett...

Review of Portrait of America :: essays research papers

Review of Portrait of America     During the process of reading this compilation of works, Portrait of America, many different bear down of views were aired. The opinion or attitude on the subject was likewise tainted. The authors were very biased to their perception of the "story". This book could have been often more honest if the facts would have stayed to the straight and narrow. Only the detrimental facts needed to be applied to these chapters. For a history class, as broad as this, this book opened too many doors that could not be explained in as much detail as would be liked. Many of the authors enjoyed mentioning the most scandalous moments of the peoples lives then dropped the fact without much support or follow finished as to what happened to cause or end these events. Brief summaries only tease the mind, and with the course load of most educatees, in that respect is hardly extra time to investigate the matter further in detail. For a cla ss such as History 152, biographies and/or documentary name books are more worth the while of the student. For instance make a list of a selection of novels that could be read for the class, so that every student can then explore in depth what that student thinks is interesting. Although the book was teasing in nature the chapters did flow well and were easy to read. The procession of the chapters had terrific transition as to not loose the student. While proceeding through this book there were several different reoccurring topics that appeared. This paper will discuss these both reoccurring topics the civil rights movement and former presidents.      The civil rights movement, by many people, is though to have happened during the 1950s and 1960s. The truth of the matter is that civil right has and always will be an ongoing issue for anyone who is not of color. The civil rights movement started when the black slave started arriving in America centuries ago. Th e civil rights movement is one of the most known about issues in American history. Everyone at some point in their life has studied this movement. This movement is particularly interesting due to the massive amounts of different stories and occurrences through the course of the movement. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a vital figurehead to this movement. He inspired many people who had lived their whole lives in the shadow of fear of change.

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capital of Minnesotas first contact with a major center of thraldom may have been in the city of tire. Groups of goy slave of both sexes from Syria and beyond came to Jerusalem through Tyres slave-market. He passed through Tyre on his way to Jerusalem. Paul went on to Judea and Jerusalem. In Judea and Jerusalem, Paul undoubtedly saw galore(postnominal) slaves working in a wide variety of activities, including positions of mettlesome responsibility in the court of Herod and the families of high priest. Slaves varied place to place which determined the slavery population and gender. Around Jerusalem itself it seemed to have been no industries requiring of slaves nor many rural estates which used slave-labor in large numbers. Within the city Paul saw great number of domestic and civil slaves, both Jews and Gentile. One of the places Paul visited was Tarsus. In Tarsus where Paul was born was mostly woman since the type of work was mostly linen weaving, dyeing, leather cutting, and c arpentry. Paul travelled from Tarsus to Corinth and saw many dissimilar types of slaves on this journey. From Tarsus, Paul continued on to Corinth. In Jerusalem as well as in Corinth, Paul saw slaves whose special abilities made it lucky to their owners to rent them by the day or by contract. In short Paul, was already acquainted with slavery before he left Jerusalem.When Paul traveled Asia Minor he saw an increasingly large slave population in the cities where the total of the slave population may have been about unrivaled third of the entire body of residents. In Ephesus slaves were involved in the widest thinkable range of activities, including working in the local wholesale and distributing agencies and managing retail stores. Very commonly, heap were engaged in manufacturing, dis... ...hrough the imagery of slavery. b.Philemon, Letter to- written between 58AD and 60AD while Paul was in Roman prison.i.The letter was written to Philemon, who was a wealthy Gentile Christia n in Colossae who became a believer a believer under Pauls ministry (philem 19) ii.The heart of the letter centers upon Onesimus, Philemons slave who somehow wronged his nobleman (philem 18), made his way to Paul in prison (philem 9), was converted (philem 10), and became a useful partners (philem 11, 13) But under the existing laws governing slaver, Paul knows that Onesimus must be returned to his rightful owner. Paul implores Philemon not only to receive (philem 17, forgive (philem 18 see Forgiveness) and acknowledge Onesimus new status as a fellow believer (philem 16), but to relinquish all claims upon Onesimus so that he can continue serving with Paul. (Philem 13, 21).

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Pauls first contact with a major center of slavery whitethorn have been in the city of Tyre. Groups of Gentile slave of both sexes from Syria and beyond came to Jerusalem through Tyres slave-market. He passed through Tyre on his way to Jerusalem. Paul went on to Judea and Jerusalem. In Judea and Jerusalem, Paul undoubtedly saw many slaves working in a wide variety of activities, including positions of high duty in the court of Herod and the families of high priest. Slaves varied place to place which determined the slavery population and gender. Around Jerusalem itself it seemed to have been no industries requiring of slaves nor many rural estates which used slave-labor in large numbers. Within the city Paul saw great number of domestic and civil slaves, both Jews and Gentile. One of the places Paul visited was Tarsus. In Tarsus where Paul was born was mostly woman since the type of work was mostly linen weaving, dyeing, leather cutting, and carpentry. Paul travelled from Tarsus to Corinth and saw many diffe hire types of slaves on this journey. From Tarsus, Paul continued on to Corinth. In Jerusalem as well as in Corinth, Paul saw slaves whose special abilities do it favorable to their owners to rent them by the day or by contract. In short Paul, was already acquainted with slavery before he left Jerusalem.When Paul traveled Asia small he saw an increasingly large slave population in the cities where the total of the slave population may have been about one thirdly of the entire body of residents. In Ephesus slaves were involved in the widest thinkable range of activities, including working in the local wholesale and distri stilling agencies and managing retail stores. Very commonly, people were occupied in manufacturing, dis... ...hrough the imagery of slavery. b.Philemon, Letter to- written between 58AD and 60AD while Paul was in Roman prison.i.The letter was written to Philemon, who was a wealthy Gentile Christian in Colossae who became a believer a believer under Pauls ministry (philem 19) ii.The heart of the letter centers upon Onesimus, Philemons slave who somehow wronged his master (philem 18), made his way to Paul in prison (philem 9), was converted (philem 10), and became a useful partners (philem 11, 13) But under the existing laws governing slaver, Paul knows that Onesimus must be returned to his rightful(prenominal) owner. Paul implores Philemon not only to receive (philem 17, forgive (philem 18 see Forgiveness) and acknowledge Onesimus new status as a fellow believer (philem 16), but to relinquish all claims upon Onesimus so that he can continue serving with Paul. (Philem 13, 21).

Fatal Secret

*Wednesday 15th OctoberIts getting worse. I have no friends. My family hates me. My grades are low and I cant sleep. I dont know why I even bother with school any more. My parents are so busy fighting they dont even know Im there. I great power as well just leave, it will work on every sensation happy. I have to go. Just pack my bags, and go*Its a Thursday afternoon, the sun is shining, theres a go along blue sky, and everything is close to perfect. Or so it seemed free grace Gracie Gracie darling Im home Graces mother called repeatedly, unless no one was home. Though she looked around, Graces mother found nothing. dead nothing. Except for this piece of paper lying on graces dresser. Why this piece of paper stuck out so much she didnt know, but nevertheless she picked it up. It was addressed to her.Mum, I know I havent been the surmount daughter lately, so I think Ive done you and dad a favour. Ive seen the pair of you fighting, and I cant help but tonus it is my fault. So Ive decided to get out of your way. I dont know where Im going, or how long for, but I think you will agree that its for the best. In sheath I never see you again, I wishing you to know one thing. I love you and dad very much, and I owe you everything. You are the best parents a little girl could wish for, but I hate seeing you similar this. Its for the best, and I know when I come back things will be much better. Promise me you wont forget me. Im sorry, Gracie xxxGraces mother was stunned. She read it over and over, but each time it said the same thing. Grace was gone. Her baby girl had run away, and it was all her fault. Straight away she phoned her husband, who came home immediately.Helen, calm downNo, we must call the policeLook loveSteven, our child has goneYes dear, but we cant do anything just now. The police cant do anything for another twenty-four hours. Please, just calm down. Gracie will turn up anytime now. Youll see. Shell come rushing through that accession crying, s aying how she made a mistake. It will all be alright. But she didnt. They waited all night, but there was no sign of Grace. Eventually they did call the police, although that didnt make much of a difference. Grace was nowhere to be seen. Helen, Graces mother, had started to think the worst.Steven, what if shes, you know, what if somethings happened to her. She could be lying in a ditch right now, calling out for help. Officer, cant you do somethingWere trying as hard as we can mam, but theres only so much we can do. Theres a search party out now, and weve advertise it everywhere. Im afraid there isnt much else I can do. Sorry.It was true, not much else could be done, and there didnt seem much hope for Graces survival. No one knew if she was animate or dead. There was no evidence pointing either way. Not at the time anywayThe street is no place for a young girl, as Grace found out over time. She began to regret ever leaving. She wasnt the only one alone, but everyone else seemed to know how to survive, whereas Grace was struggling to find a meal each day. She would get funny looks when people walked past. Other homeless people scared her, something about them made her feel uneasy. One man, a strange flavor man with a long ripped coat and a scar across his face, he scared her the most.He would walk past her give her funny looks, like he was thinking something. Grace was permanently on the move to try and escape his glare, but somehow he would always find her. She wasnt the only one he scared. There were other girls, young girls, on the street with Grace. She wouldnt understand why, but every now and again, one of these girls would go missing. Shed never see them again. Grace just thought that theyd moved on, or gone home. If only she knewThe search continued for weeks, even months. Every day more and more people seemed true she had disappeared completely.For everyone knew about it. It was all over every newspaper, on every channel. Not one workplace hadnt di scussed it over their tea break. Lots of people joined in the search, everyone wanted her to be okay. When almost every person had given up hope of finding her, something turned up.Some children had gone down to the river one sunshine afternoon for a bit of fishing. One boy had something on the end of his line, but it wasnt a fish. It was something much larger and heavier, for he had trouble pulling it in. It was a body, a naked body. A young girls naked body. It was Grace. When the police examined the case, it was put down as suicide. They didnt look into it much, everything added up. She was young, lonely, upset, it all seemed to fit. But maybe they should have looked a little deeper, examined it a bit more. Did she kill herself, or was it someone else s doing. Maybe they needed just that one bit of evidence to prove that it wasnt as simple as it looked. Maybe* Wednesday 15th NovemberIm scared. I dont know exactly whats happening. But I know its to do with him. Ive seen him before , he gives me funny looks. Ive heard him public lecture himself hes not right in the head. Before I heard him asking another girl if he could do stuff to her. Dirty, wrong stuff. Its not right. I just want to go home, I dont want anything to happen to me. I never wanted to die, I just thought I shoouldgive my parents some space. I think I hear him again hes coming over here. Its the end, I know it is. I just want to go home. I just want to go home. *

The Life of Sculptor Constantin Brancusi

Our simplest words argon often the deepest in meaning birth, kiss, flight, dream. The sculptor Constantin Brancusi spent his life searching for forms as simple and pure as those wordsforms that let onm to nominate existed forever, outside of eon. Born a peasant in a remote village in Romania, he spent virtu each(prenominal)y of his adult life in Paris, where he weatherd in a single small room adjoining a skylit studio. Upon his decease in 1957, Brancusi allowed the contents of his studio to the French government, which eventually re-created the studio itself in a museum (1. 1).Near the center of the snatch atomic number 18 two versions of an supposition Brancusi called Endless Column. Pulsing upwards with peachy energy, the columns empathisem as though they could go on forever. Perhaps they do go on forever, and we fire see only p finesseistry of them. Directly in front of the white column, a sleek, horizontal marble form looking something like a slender hoagy seems to hover over a disk-shaped base. Brancusi called it simply Fish. It does non depict any areaicular fish but, rather, shows us the idea of something that moves swiftly and bounteously through the water, the total of a fish.To the left of the dark column, arching up in front of a patch of wall painted red, is a version of iodin of Brancusis most famous domesticates, Bird in Space. Here again the artist portrays non a particular bird but, rather, the idea of flight, the feeling of soaring upward. Brancusi said that the work represents the soul liberated from matter. 1 A buck by Brancusi shows an different, more mysterious view of Bird in Space (1. 2). Light from a radical we cannot see cuts across the work and falls in a sharp diamond shape on the wall behind.The sculpture casts a shadow so strong it seems to keep back a dark twin. Before it lies a broken, discarded work. The photograph efficiency make you find of the birth of a bird from its shell, or of a perfected work of art arising from legion(predicate) failed attempts, or indeed of a soul newly liberated from its material prison. Brancusi took umpteen photographs of his work, and through them we can see how his sculptures lived in his imagination even by and by they were finished. He photographed them in varying conditions of light, in multiple locations and combinations, from mop up up and off the beaten track(predicate) away.With each photograph they seem to reveal a different mood, the way wad we be intimate reveal different sides of themselves over time. Living with art, Brancusis photographs show us, is making art live by letting it engage our attention, our imagination, our intelligence. Few of us, of course, can live with art the way Brancusi did. Yet we can choose to seek out encounters with art, to make it a matter for thought and enjoyment, and to let it live in our imagination. You probably live already with more art than you guess you do.Very likely the walls of your home are decorated with posters, photographs, or even paintings you chose because you find them graceful or meaningful. Walking or so your community you probably pass by buildings that were designed for visual greet as well as to serve practical ends. If you ever pause for a moment just to look at one of them, to take pleasure, for example, in its silhouette against the sky, you take in made the architects work live for a moment by appreciating an effect that he or she prepared for you. We call such an recognise an aesthetic dumbfound.Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the feelings aroused in us by sensory experiencesexperiences we rent through sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Aesthetics concerns itself with our responses to the natural sphere and to the world we make, especially the world of art. What art is, how and why it affects usthese are some of the issues that aesthetics addresses. This prevail hopes to deepen your pleasure in the aesthetic experi ence by broadening your understanding of one of the most basic and universal of clement activities, making art.Its subject is visual art, which is art that addresses the find of sight, as debate to music or poetry, which are arts that appeal to the ear. It focuses on the westbound tradition, by which we mean art as it has been understood and near in atomic effect 63 and in cultures with their roots in European thought, such as the United States. But it too lapsees back to consider works created well in the first place Western ideas approximately art were in place and across to different cultures that have very different traditions of art. THE IMPULSE FOR ARTNo society that we know of, for as far back in human history as we have been adapted to penetrate, has lived without some form of art. The impulse to make and respond to art appears to be as deeply ingrained in us as the business leader to learn language, part of what sets us apart as humans. Where does the urge to m ake art sum from? What purposes does it serve? For answers, we might begin by looking at some of the oldest works save discovered, images and artifacts dating from the Stone Ages, near the beginning of the human experience.On the afternoon of December 18, 1994, two men and a woman, all experienced countermine researchrs, were nearing among the rocky cliffs in the Ardeche region of southeastern France. From a small cavity in the rock, they felt a draft of air, which they knew often signaled a large cavern within. subsequently clearing away some rocks and debris, they were able to squeeze through a narrow channel into what appeared to be an enormous underground room, its floor littered with animal bones.Pressing farther into the cave, the researchrs played their lights on the walls and made an astonishing discovery The walls were covered with drawings and paintings (1. 3)more than three hundred images as they eventually founddepicting rhinoceroses, horses, bears, reindeer, lion s, bison, mammoths, and former(a)s, as well as numerous outlines of human imparts. It was evident that the paintings were extremely old and that the cave had remained untouched, unseen by humans, since prehistoric times.The explorers agreed to name the site after the one in their number who had led them to it, Jean-Marie Chauvet, so it is called the Chauvet cave. What they did not realize until months later, after radiocarbon testing had accurately dated the paintings, was that they had just pushed back the history of art by some(prenominal)(prenominal) thousand years. The Chauvet images were made about 30,000 B. C. E. and are the oldest paintings we know. The paintings date from a time known as the Upper Paleolithic Period, which simply way the latter part of the Old Stone Age. Archaeologists have formed some tentative conclusions about how the paintings were done.Pigments of red and yellow ochre, a natural earth substance, along with black charcoal, could have been mixed with a nimal fat and painted onto the walls with a reed brush. In powdered form, the same materials probably were mouth-blown onto the sur face up through hollow reeds. Many of the images are engraved, or scratched, into the rock. More intriguing is the question of why the cave paintings were made, why their creators paid such meticulous attention to detail, why they did their work so far underground. The paintings clearly were not meant to embellish a dwelling space.The cave artists must have livedslept, cooked their meals, mated, and raised their childrenmuch nearer to the mouths of these caves, close to daylight and fresh air. Until the Chauvet cave was discovered, many experts believed that ancient cave paintings were done for magical assistance in the hunt, to ensure success in bringing down game animals. But several(prenominal) of the animals depicted at Chauvet, including lions and rhinos and bears, were not in the customary diet of early peoples. Perhaps the artists wished to estab lish some kind of connection with these wild beasts, but we cannot know for sure.Fascinating as these mysteries are, they pass over perhaps the most amazing thing of all, which is that at that place should be images in the first place. The ability to make images is unambiguously human. We do it so naturally and so constantly that we take it for granted. We make them with our hands, and we make them with our minds. Lying out on the grass, for example, you may amuse yourself by purpose images in the shifting clouds, now a lion, now an old woman. Are the images actually there? We know that a cloud is just a cloud, yet the image is certainly there, because we see it. Our experience of the images we make is the same.We know that a drawing is just markings on a surface, a newspaper photograph precisely dots, yet we recognize them as images that reflect our world, and we identify with them. The experience was the same for Paleolithic image-makers as it is for us. All images may not b e art, but our ability to make them is one place where art begins. The contemporary British sculptor Anthony Caro has said that all art is basically Paleolithic or neolithic both(prenominal) the urge to smear soot and grease on cave walls or pile stone on stone. 2 By soot and grease Caro means the cave paintings.With the urge to pile stone on stone he has in mind one of the most impressive and haunting works to brave from the Stone Ages, the structure in the south of England known as Stonehenge (1. 4). Today much ruined through time and vandalism, Stonehenge at its height consisted of several concentrical circles of megaliths, very large stones, surrounded in turn by a circular ditch. It was built in several phases over many centuries, beginning around 3100 B. C. E. The tallest circle, visible in the photograph here, originally consisted of thirty gigantic upstones capped with a continuous ring of horizontal stones.Weighing some 50 stacks each, the stones were quarried many mil es away, hauled to the site, and laboriously shaped by blows from stone hammers until they fit together. Many theories have been advanced about why Stonehenge was built and what purpose it served. Recent archeological research has confirmed that the monument marks a graveyard, perhaps that of a ruling dynasty. The cremated remains of up to 240 people appear to have been buried there over a span of some five hundred years, from the earliest development of the site until the time when the great stones were erected.Other findings suggest that the monument did not stand alone but was part of a larger complex, perhaps a religious complex used for funerary rituals. What is certain is that Stonehenge held meaning for the Neolithic community that built it. For us, it stands as a compelling example of how old and how basic is our urge to create meaningful order and form, to structure our world so that it reflects our ideas. This is an separate place where art begins. In our society, we tend to think of art as something created by specialists, people we call artists, just as medicine is practiced by doctors and bridges are designed by engineers.In other societies, virtually everyone contributes to art in some way. Yet no matter how a society organizes itself, it calls on its art-makers to fulfill similar roles. Stonehenge was erected in the Neolithic era, or New Stone Age. The Neolithic era is named for the new kinds of stone tools that were invented, but it also saw such important advances as the domestication of animals and crops and the development of the technology of pottery, as people discovered that fire could harden certain kinds of clay. With pottery, storage jars, aliment bowls, and all sorts of other practical objects came into being.Yet much of the worlds oldest pottery seems to go far beyond purely practical needs (1. 5). This elegant stemmed shape was formed around 2000 B. C. E. in what is now eastern China. Eggshell-thin and exceedingly fragile, it coul d not have held much of anything and would have tipped over easily. In other words, it isnt practical. Instead, great care and skill have gone into making it pleasing to the eye. Here is a third place we might turn to for the origins of artthe urge to explore the aesthetic possibilities of new technologies. What are the limits of clay, the early potters must have wondered.What can be done with it? Scholars believe such watercrafts were created for ceremonial use. They were probably made in limited quantity for members of a social elite. To construct meaningful images and forms, to create order and structure, to explore aesthetic possibilitiesthese characteristics seem to be part of our temperament as human beings. From them, art has grown, nurtured by each culture in its own way. WHAT DO ARTISTS DO? First, artists create places for some human purpose. Stonehenge, for example, was probably created as a place where a community could gather for rituals.Closer to our own time, Maya Lin created the Vietnam Veterans Memorial as a place for contemplation and remembrance (1. 6). One of our most raw national memories, the Vietnam War saw thousands of young men and women lose their lives in a distant conflict that was increasingly questioned and protested at home. By the wars end, the nation was so bitterly divided that returning veterans received virtually no recognition for their services. In this atmosphere of continuing controversy, Lins t intromit was to create a memorial that honored the human sacrifice of the war turn neither glorifying nor condemning the war itself.At the heart of the memorial is a long, tapering, V-shaped wall of black granite, inscribed with the label of the missing, the captured, and the deadsome 58,000 names in all. Set into the earth exposed by slicing a great wedge from a gently tilt hill, it suggests perhaps a modern entrance to an ancient burial mound, though in fact there is no entrance. Instead, the highly polished surface acts a s a mirror, reflecting the surrounding trees, the nearby Washington Monument, and the visitors themselves as they pass by.Entering along a walkway from either end, visitors are barely aware at first of the low wall at their feet. The monument begins just as the war itself did, almost unnoticed, a few support troops sent to a small and distant country, a few deaths in the nightly news. As visitors continue their descent along the downward-sloping path, the wall grows taller and taller until it towers overhead, names upon names upon names. Often, people reach out to touch the letters, and as they do, they touch their own reflections reaching back. At the walkways lowest point, with the wall at its highest, a corner is turned.The path begins to climb upward, and the wall begins to fall away. Drawn by a view of either the Washington Monument (as in the photograph here) or the Lincoln Memorial (along the other axis), visitors leave the war behind. In a quiet, unobtrusive way, the place t hat Maya Lin created encourages a kind of ritual, a journey downward into a valley of death, because upward toward hope, healing, and reconciliation. Like Stonehenge, it has served to bring a community together. A second task artists perform is to create extraordinary versions of ordinary objects.Just as the Neolithic vessel we looked at earlier is more than an ordinary drinking cup, so the textile here is more than an ordinary garment (1. 7). Woven in West Africa by artists of the Asante people, it is a spectacular example of a type of textile known as kente. Kente is woven in hundreds of formulas, each with its own name, history, and symbolism. Traditionally, a newly invented pattern was shown first to the king, who had the right to claim it for his own exclusive use. Like the Neolithic vessel, royal kente was reserved for ceremonial occasions.Rich, costly, and elaborate, the cloth distinguished its wearer as special as well, an extraordinary version of an ordinary human being. A third important task for artists has been to record and commemorate. Artists create images that help us remember the present after it slips into the past, that keep us in mind of our history, and that will deliver of our times to the future. Illustrated here is a painting by a 17th-century artist named Manohar, one of several painters employed in the royal workshops of the emperor Jahangir, a ruler of the Mughal dynasty in India (1. 8).At the center of the painting we see Jahangir himself, seated beneath a gold canopy. His son Khusrau, dressed in a yellow robe, offers him the precious gift of a golden cup. The painting commemorates a moment of reconciliation in the midst of flummox and son, who had had a violent falling out. The moment did not last, however. Khusrau would soon stage an armed rebellion that cost him the throne. Although the intricate details of Mughal history may be lost on us today, this enchanting painting gives us a vivid glimpse into their vanished world as they wanted it to be remembered. A fourth part task for artists is to give tangible form to the unknown.They portray what cannot be seen with the eyes or events that can only be imagined. An anonymous Indian sculptor of the tenth century gave tangible form to the Hindu god Shiva in his guise as Nataraja, Lord of the Dance (1. 9). Encircled by flames, his long cop flying outward, Shiva dances the destruction and rebirth of the world, the end of one cycle of time and the beginning of another. The figures four arms communicate the complexity of this cosmic moment. In one hand, Shiva holds the small drum whose beat summons up creation in another hand, he holds the flame of destruction.A third hand points at his raised foot, beneath which worshipers may seek refuge, while a fourth hand is raised with its palm toward the viewer, a gesture that means disquietude not. A fifth function artists perform is to give tangible form to feelings and ideas. The statue of Shiva we just looked at, for example, gives tangible form to ideas about the cyclical nature of time that are part of the religious culture of Hinduism. In The Starry Night (1. 10), Vincent van Gogh labored to express his personal feelings as he stood on the outskirts of a small village in France and looked up at the night sky.Van Gogh had constrain intrigued by the belief that people journeyed to a thaumaturgist after their death, and that there they continued their lives. Just as we take the train to get to Tarascon or Rouen, he wrote in a letter, we take death to reach a star. 4 Seen through the prism of that idea, the night landscape reanimated in him a vision of great intensity. Surrounded by halos of radiating light, the stars have an exaggerated, urgent presence, as though each one were a brilliant sun. A great wave or whirlpool rolls across the skya cloud, perhaps, or some kind of cosmic energy.The landscape, too, seems to roll on in waves like an ocean. A tree in the foreground writhes upward t oward the stars as though answering their call. In the distance, a church spire points upward as well. Everything is in turbulent motion. Nature seems alive, communicating in its own language while the village sleeps. Finally, artists refresh our vision and help us see the world in new ways. Habit dulls our mother wits. What we see every day we no long-dated marvel at, because it has become familiar. Through art we can see the world through someone elses eyes and recover the intensity of looking for the first time.Ernst Haas photograph Peeling Paint on Iron Bench, Kyoto, 1981 (1. 11) singles out a small detail of an ordinary day and asks us to notice how rich it is if we really take the time to look. Rain has made the colors shine with fresh intensity, brilliant red against deep black, and the star-shaped leaves could almost be made of gold. After seeing through Haas eyes, we may find ourselvesif only for a few hoursmore attentive to the world around us, which is stranger, more my sterious, more various, and more beautiful than we usually realize. CREATING AND CREATIVITYOut walking on a rainy day in Kyoto, Ernst Haas could have noticed the park bench, smiled with pleasure, and continued on his way. stand up in a field over a century ago, Van Gogh could have had his vision of the night sky, then returned to his lodgingsand we would never have known about it. We all experience the moments of insight that put us where art begins. For most of us, such moments are an end in themselves. For artists, they are a beginning, a kind of raw material that sets a creative process in motion. Creativity is a word that comes up often when talking about art, but what is creativity exactly? Are we born with it?Can it be learned? Can it be lost? Are artists more creative than other people? If so, how did they get that way? Many writers and educators have tried to analyze creativity and determine what makes a person creative. 6 Although the exact nature of creativity remains el usive, there is general agreement that creative people tend to possess certain traits, including Sensitivity heightened awareness of what one sees, hears, and touches, as well as responsiveness to other people and their feelings. Flexibility an ability to adapt to new situations and to see their possibilities willingness to find innovative relationships. Originality uncommon responses to situations and to solving problems. Playfulness a sense of humor and an ability to experiment freely. Productivity the ability to generate ideas easily and frequently, and to follow through on those ideas. Fluency a readiness to allow the free flow of ideas. Analytical skill a talent for exploring problems, taking them apart, and finding out how things work. Organizational skill ability to put things back together in a coherent order. We might bear that list in mind as we look at Tim Hawkinsons Emoter (1. 12).Like many of Hawkinsons works, Emoter looks like a homemade science project that ha s gotten a little out of hand. The stepladder on the floor houses a black-and-white television monitor tuned to a local transfer station. Rows of light sensors attached to the monitors screen react to changes in the moving image, sending signals through a tangle of cords, cables, and wires up to a large photograph of the artists face. The components of the faceeyes, nostrils, eyebrows, and mouthmove continuously in response to the signals they receive, generating expressions that are as extravagant as a mimes.Certainly, sensitivity made Hawkinson a keen observer of faces, and originality suggested to him that such unlikely material as laboratory experiments monitoring foreland waves, or antiquated scientific theories linking specific facial expressions to specific emotions, could inspire a work of art. Playfulness, flexibility, fluency, and productivity set him to exploring ways in which his project could be given form, while analytical and organizational skills allowed him to ca rry it to completion. The profession of artist is not the only one that requires creativity.Scientists, mathematicians, teachers, business executives, doctors, librarians, computer programmerspeople in every line of work, if they are any good, look for ways to be creative. Artists occupy a special place in that they have devoted their lives to opening the channels of visual creativity. Can a person become more creative? nearly certainly, if one allows oneself to be. Being creative means learning to trust ones own interests, experiences, and references, and to use them to enhance life and work. Above all, it means discarding rigid notions of what has been or should be in favor of what could be.Creativity develops when the eyes and the mind are wide open, and it is as important to looking at art as it is to making it. We close this chapter by exploring what looking creatively might involve. LOOKING AND RESPONDING Science tells us that seeing is a mode of perception, which is the reco gnition and interpretation of sensory datain other words, how information comes into our eyes (ears, nose, taste buds, fingertips) and what we make of it. In visual perception, our eyes take in information in the form of light patterns the brain processes these patterns to give them meaning. The role of the eyes in vision is purely mechanical.Barring some physical disorder, it functions the same way for everyone. The minds role in making sense of the information, however, is highly subjective and belongs to the realm of psychology. Simply put, given the same situation, we do not all notice the same things, nor do we interpret what we see in the same way. One reason for differences in perception is the immense amount of detail available for our attention at any given moment. To navigate expeditiously through daily life, we practice what is called selective perception, focusing on the visual information we need for the task at hand and relegating everything else to the background.But other factors are in play as well. Our mood influences what we notice and how we interpret it, as does the whole of our prior experiencethe culture we grew up in, relationships we have had, places we have seen, knowledge we have accumulated. The subjective nature of perception explains why a work of art may mean different things to different people and how it is that we may return to a favorite work again and again, noticing new aspects of it each time. It explains why the more we know, the richer each new encounter with art will be, for we will have more experience to bring to it.It explains why we should make every effort to experience as much art in person as possible, for physical dimensions also influence perception. The works reproduced in this book are miniaturized. Many other details escape reproduction as well. Above all, the nature of perception suggests that the most important key to looking at art is to become aware of the process of looking itselfto notice details and v isual relationships, to explore the associations and feelings they inspire, to search for knowledge we can bring to bear, and to try to put what we see into words.A quick glance at Juan de Valdes Leals Vanitas (1. 13) reveals a careless jumble of objects with a cherub looking over them. In the background, a man looks out at us from the shadows. But what are the objects? And what are the cherub and the man doing? Only if we begin to ask and answer such questions does the message of the painting emerge. In the foreground to the left is a timepiece. Next to it are three flowers, each one marking a stage in the brief life of a flower across time budding, then blossoming, then dying as its petals fall away. Then come dice and playing cards, suggesting games of chance.Further on, a cascade of medals, money, and jewelry leads up to an elaborate crown, suggesting honors, wealth, and power. At the center, books and scientific instruments evoke knowledge. Finally, back where we began, a skull crowned with a laurel wreath lies on its side. Laurel traditionally crowns those who have become famous through their achievements, especially artistic achievements. Over this display the cherub blows a bubble, as though making a comment on the riches before him. A bubbles existence is even shorter than a flowersa few seconds of iridescent beauty, and then nothing.Behind the books, a crystal globe resembles a bubble as well, encouraging us to see a connection. When we meet the mans gaze, we notice that he has haggard back a heavy curtain with one hand and is pointing at a painting he has thus revealed with the other. Look at this, he all but speaks. The painting depicts the Last Judgment. In Christian belief, the Last Judgment is the moment when Christ will appear again. He will judge both the living and the dead, accepting some into Paradise and condemning others to Hell. The universe will end, and with it time itself.We might paraphrase the basic message of the painting somethin g like this flavour is fleeting, and everything that we prize and strive for during it is ultimately meaningless. Neither wealth nor beauty nor good fortune nor power nor knowledge nor fame will save us when we stand before God at the end of the world. Without taking the time to perceive and reflect on the many details of the image, we would miss its message completely. Vanitas is Latin for vanity. It alludes to the biblical book of Ecclesiastes, a meditation on the fleeting nature of earthly life and happiness in which we read that in the end, all is vanity. The title wasnt invented or bestowed by the artist, however. Rather, it is a generic name for a subject that was popular during his lifetime. Numerous vanitas paintings have come down to us from the 17th century, and together they show the many ways that artists treated its themes. Closer to our own time, the painter Audrey flak became fascinated by the vanitas tradition, and she created a series of her own, including Wheel of Fortune (Vanitas) (1. 14). Knowing something of the tradition Flack is building on, we can more easily appreciate her updated interpretation.As ever, a skull puts us in mind of death. An hourglass, a calendar page, and a guttering candle speak of time and its passing. The necklace, mirrors, powder puff, and lipstick are contemporary symbols of personal vanity, while a die and a tarot card evoke the roles of chance and requisite in our lives. As in the painting by Valdes, a visual echo encourages us to think about a connection, in this case between the framed oval photograph of a young woman and the framed oval reflection of the skull just below. Flack may be painting with one eye on the past, but the other is firmly on our society as we are now.For example, she includes modern inventions such as a photograph and a lipstick tube, and she shuns symbols that no longer speak to us directly such as laurels and a crown. The specifically Christian context is gone as well, resulting in a more general message that applies to us all, regardless of faith Time passes quickly, beauty fades, chance plays a bigger role in our lives than we like to think, death awaits. Despite their differences, both Flack and Valdes provide us with many clues to direct our thoughts. They depict objects that have common associations and then trust us to add up the evidence.At first glance, a contemporary work such as Jim Hodges Every call down seems very different (1. 15). Every Touch is made of artificial silk flowers, taken apart petal by petal. The petals were ironed flat, intermingled, then stitched together to form a large curtain or veil. Yet although Every Touch may not direct our thoughts as firmly as the other works, we approach it in the same way. We look, and we try to become aware of our looking. We ask questions and explore associations. We bring our experience and knowledge to bear. We interrogate our feelings. We might think of spring.We might be put in mind of other art, such as the flowered backgrounds of medieval tapestries (see 15. 24) or the role of flowers in the vanitas tradition. We might think about flowers and the occasions on which we offer them. We might think about the flowers we know from poetry, where they are often linked to beauty and youth, for all three fade quickly. We might think about petals, which fall from dying flowers. We might think about veils and when we wear them, such as at weddings and funerals. We might notice how delicately the work is stitched together and how fragile it seems.We might think about looking not only at it but also through it, and about how a curtain separates one realm from another. The man in Valdes painting, for example, draws back a curtain to reveal the future. Every Touch is not as easily put into words as the vanitas paintings, but it can inspire thoughts about many of the same ideas seasons that come and go, how beauty and sadness are intertwined, the ceremonies that mark lifes passing, the id ea of one realm opening onto another, the fragility of things. In the end, what we see in Every Touch depends on what we bring to it, and if we approach the task sincerely, there are no wrong answers.Every Touch will never mean for any of us exactly what it means for Hodges, nor should it. An artists work grows from a lifetime of experiences, thoughts, and emotions no one else can duplicate them exactly. Works of art hold many meanings. The greatest of them seem to speak anew to each generation and to each attentive observer. The most important thing is that some works of art come to mean something for you, that your own experiences, thoughts, and emotions find a place in them, for then you will have made them live.

Destin Brass Products Co. Case Study Essay

Destin Brass Products Co. has been established and grown to produce valves (24% of the beau monde revenue), pumps (55% of the fellowship revenue), and flow controllers (21% of the company revenue). This composition go out illustrate the recommended solutions for the management of the company that be trying to evaluate the competitive trends of the market for the mentioned point of intersections, and trying to start new strategies to deal with these trends. Finance and accounting, as mentioned by Ambler (2008) are the essentials and basis to the short and long existence of any type of companies. The last competitiveness of market requires that all types of businesses have a comprehensive understanding to the be and profits in much detail in order to hasten determination making process.In Destin Brass case, the company tried to establish a high brand name for producing the valves, but later as an expansion to the business, the company included two new product lines which are t he pumps and the flow controllers keeping in mind the similarities of productions and the availability of the productions capacity. Destin Brass did non have a distinguished competitor in the valves market because of the high quality of the valves produced, but there is a massive competition in the pump and flow controllers market. This paper will capture a time of the company business where there is a high competition on the pumps prices and the solution of increasing the prices of the flow controllers did not change the market. The management is in need to consider its financial strategy in order to face competition.The financial synopsisAfter evaluating the current financial situation of Destin Brass, The analysis hereby will join to answer the management questions, and examples of the below solutions had been used by business and it proved to have an influence of decision making process regarding the company strategy. The solutions are as followsProduct costs as per the rud iment informationFrom the given information in the case occupy, there is a connection between the products costs and the costs incurred by the activities related to the productions of each product line. The answer to this issue is to prepare cost estimates for the three products by applying the essentials of theactivity based be, panel 1 shows that the ABC costs of the valves is 37.8, the pumps is 48.82, and the flow controllers is $100.63. The ABC method tries to connect the indirect costs to the products, and consequently treat them as direct costs. Based on the case study financial information, the calculations in table 1 have been prepared by using the following Creating a cost pool for the machine depreciation and aliment cost, and share the products based on machine hours.Creating a cost pool for receiving and material handling costs by calculating the number of transactions consumed for either product. Creating a cost pool for engineering costs by calculating how much e ngineering is consumed by each product. Comparing the ABC with the standard and the rewrite unit costs In this comparison, it will appear the cost of each product under the three types of costing calculation methods and the reason why they are different. Table 2 shows the comparison. The three costing methods treat direct costs which are run labour and material, in the same way. Moreover, financial experts support the mood that direct costs is not the actual problem as this target be tracked to the product, but the issue is that costing calculations gets complicated when trying to allocate the overheads (Indirect costs).The allocation of overheads is where the differences in costs come under the three costing methods. In the standard cost accounting there is no effort do to track the overhead costs to the products. It is believed that indirect costs can not be related with the products thats why they are summarised and then allocated to the products based on the given allocation factor (cost driver). In Destin Brass case, the overheads which include the receiving and materials handling, packing and shipping, and depreciation and maintenance for $680.000 per month, are allocated based on the run labour dollars. Consequently, every(prenominal) product is allocated a percentage of the overheads in the same ratio that the product consume of labour (valves 0.5 run hours per unit, pumps 0.5 run per unit, and flow controllers 0.4 run per unit). See table 3 for details. The revised cost accounting makes part of the indirect costs as direct.The material and handling costs are treated in a separate way, but not the best cost driver had been chosen (direct material dollars), as it would be seen in the ABC. Moreover, setup labour is assigned instanter based on the setup hours for which information is available. The remaining overheads are allocated on the basis of machinehours. As mentioned by Peggy Alford, this gives an idea why competitors are raw(a) prices on pu mps. It is now clear that costs of the pumps is overstated using the standard costing method while the costs of the valves are understated. But, costing can be improved especially that the flow controllers price is not really explained that they are cheaper to produce than it was calculated by the standard costing method. The ABC method tracks as much as possible of the indirect expenses of the products and services.So any expense incurred of a product is directly charged to that particular product rather than spread head the expense over all the products. When expenses incurred of a number of products, they are gathered and allocated based on a proper cost driver. In this way, the allocation will be done in proportion to the real costs consumption by all the products. Table 1 had shown the ABC costs calculations for the three products. Now, we can see that flow controllers have been subsidised by pumps and interchange them for $97.07 is loss making (cost $100.63) rather than at 42% gross margin. But, subsidising flow controllers had made pumps slight profitable while selling price of $81.26 corresponds to 43.37% gross margin. The costs of the valves are the same under both the standard and the ABC methods.Strategic implications of the financial analysisAccording to Bhimani et la (2008), highly competition business environment requires a comprehensive costs understanding, and a proper costing strategy is essential to facilitate decision making. In Destin Brass case, the management is facing a decision whether to go on in the pumps market in spite of the prices fall and change magnitude profit margins or to cut this business line and concentrate only on the valves and the flow controllers products which are profitable.But, making a decision following the standard costing method would have caused disastrous consequences for the company as it would cut the profitable product and concentrate on products that are selling at a loss. Destin Brass is an ideal exa mple of how vital is to have an accurate costing method to follow to provide strategic decision making. But, in spite of the importance of the financial and accounting information that the costing method will provide, the management vision should be supported by the information not only dictated by the accounting information.The next month resultsIn the time where cost accounting does not matter for the cost allocation to visit the costs of the products, it does not affect the bottom line. Here, assuming that the quantities of the productions and the sales, inventory, selling prices stay the same, and the prices of material, labour, handling remains the same. The net profit would be the same as the net profit of the last month. The bottom line will be affected in case the results showing in the ABC method are considered and the selling prices are adjusted.ConclusionThe costing methods used to identify the strengths and weakness of the business performance helps management to decid e whether operations require any improvements. This indicates that the inaccurate costing allocation can lead to either over or under pricing. Consequently, this will prevent the management from leading the company to make higher profit, prevail customers or lead the company to wrong strategic decisions.

Why Did Germany Lose Ww1

WHY DID GERMANY LOSE WW1 Germany lost WW1 due to a variety of military, socio-economic & political, and strategic reasons. The war itself continued for 4 years, inflicting mixed casualties and economic hardships on Germany. The most important reason wherefore Germany lost WW1 were its incompetency to carry out its various strategies originating from the first strategic misadventure, the failure of the Schlieffen scheme. The military incompetence of Germany on land and in sea was also an important cause leading to their loss in WW1.Germanys socio-economic condition and the incompetence of the political system in dealing with it was another important cause resulting in Germanys loss in WW1. Thus, there were various reasons as to why Germany lost WW1, all of which had the same theme the incompetence of Germany in various areas that led them to lose WW1. INCOMPETENCE TO CARRY OUT ITS VARIOUS STRATEGIES Schlieffen Plan failure Schlieffen Plan was supposed to take france by surprise by german round out coming from north instead of the metz area of Germany. Germany was to go through with(predicate) Belgium and then sweep around paris which would surrender.Vardun = attacked = surrender. After france = beaten, germant would beat estern front Russia mobilises quicker than expected eastern front instead of Belgium troops were sent. Belgium, therefore Britain entered the waron 4 august. No British intervention allowance. Decided to defend mons british slow germans down guns machine guns thought. German advance was delayed. went south instead of north underestimated amount of time theyd need, Russian military, alliance between france and Britain appointment of the Marne France wins under Joffre September 1914France not knocked out, not a short war, full scale war on deuce fronts for Germans War of Movement = over trenches created now led to stalemate STALEMATE CREATED MILITARY INCOMPETENCE Sea Battle of Falkland islands = Britain wipes out Germany warships Pa cific Fleet Battle of Jutland 31 May 1916 High Seas Fleet vs Royal Navy. RN won turned to U-Boat Camapgin all ships entering the war-zone around Britain were liable to attack USA declared war on Germany in 6 Apr 1917 convoy system, echo-sounders, depth-chargers, Q-ships merchant ships which was actually powered by the RN used to defeat U-Boats Land ble to make advancements in trenches Vardun Feb 1916 280,00 Germans dead, lost heavily Battle of the Somme July 1 to Nov 1916 by Brits. Relieve pressure on France in Verdun. Take over trench line as F weakened. brag to German morale caused them to lose finally. Britain was a military power to be reckoned with. 650,000 dead. Spring 1918 Offensive last desperate attempt to win the war thros in extra troops from eastern front broke through on the Somme in march 1918 and by end of May were 40 miles from Paris caused the confederative Counter Offensive in 8 AugSOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION AND INCOMPETENCE OF POLITIAL SYSTEM IN DEALING WI TH IT beginning of war = Naval blockade from 1915 till 1916 = approach HARDSHIPS KRA War Materials office in 1914 employed company to act on behalf of govt in buying, storing and manufacturing materials directed labour force and decided which jobs expempted men from military dish social tensions as industrial workers gained a lot, ad they were in charge no national income tax, limited revenue, unequal income distribution could only cover 16% of its costs through tax 918 = Brest Litovsk treaty access to resources but harshness = allies didnt like determined to make them lsoe and pay provender shortages & inflation recession. Total war ALLIED VICTORY AND UNITY 1915 = year of allied failure superior command unity Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1917 Eastern Front = won

Case Study-Duraweld

1. List the 5S and comp atomic number 18 to the tippytoe implementation at Duraweld. If there atomic number 18 differences, explain them. The 5S principles which originated from Japanese terms of seiri (sort), seiton (set in company), seiso (shine), seiketsu (standardize) and shitsuke (sustain) are used to create efficient, c contestation and vigorous organised constituteing environment. Sort refers to ensuring that each item in a workplace is in its congruous place or identified as unnecessary and removed.When sorting is well implemented, communication between workers is improved and product quality and productivity are increase Set in order The second stage of 5S involves the orderly arrangement of needed items so they are easy to use and accessible for anyone to find. Orderliness eliminates go down on in ware and clerical activities. Shine refers to a clean work area. This maintains a safer work area and problem areas are quickly identified. An important collapse of sh ining is Mess Prevention. In other words, dont allow litter, scrap, shavings, cuttings, etc. , to land on the floor in the startle place. standardize gist to formalized procedures and practices to create consistency and ensure that all steps are performed correctly. Orderliness is the core of standardization and is maintained by Visual Controls. Sustain mode to keep the process going with training, communication and organisation structure. This last stage of 5S is the discipline and commitment of all other stages. Without sustaining, the workplace terminate slowly revert back to being dirty and chaotic. That is why it is so crucial for the workers to be empowered to improve and maintain their workplace.When employees take pride in their work and workplace it after part lead to greater job satisfaction and higher productivity. Among the benefits of implementing 5S System- * Improve safety * Decrease down time * Raise employee morale * Identify problems more quickly * Develo p control through visibility * Establish convenient work practices * Increase product and process quality * arm employees pride in their work * Promote stronger communication among staff * Empower employees to sustain their work area Duraweld applied sort and set in order principles by using a shadow box as congruous apparatus storage.Storage areas for quick moving materials were set line-side. Labels were used to ensure tools were stored in proper place. These implantations have help to knock down workers travel time as all machines, tools, and information related to their task is set within a defined area. Duraweld ensure shine / cleanliness is practice at the factory. Cleaning and maintenance procedures are advertised in the factory. The floors under the machines were purposely pied in gabardine so as to ensure that spilled/oil leak can easily detected which can prevent corrective maintenance. Duraweld created two-cell manufacturing units for repeat stock products.The floo r was painted to define the work area, aisle space and location of necessary items. By linking the routes together, the production team managed to reduce conveyance and set-up time, build awareness of previous/ bordering process and increase productivity. This standardized process was further enhanced by the implementation of Kanban cards the visual management outline that incorporates scheduling and maintenance. The Kanban cards delegate what to produce, when to produce and how much to produce. These standard operating procedures has help to reduce over-production at Duraweld.Furthermore its pull as opposed to press out system allows better regulation of talk terms stocks in the production cycle. Among the key factors which lead to successful lean implementation in Duraweld is through its sustain processes. The company ensures its employees from shop floor to the top managements are committed to the lean programme. Proper communication sessions via workshops, training were hel d to explain about the changes, how it affect them, the benefit etc. This helps to instil positive values and make everyone be part of the system employee engagement.Duraweld has also invested in an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to micromanage stock variation and seasonality. This system link operation across the organisation. The practicality of 5S principals can be seen through various implementations in Durawell as explained above. What makes the implementation of these principles throughout the organisation a big success is its employees engagement that makes the lean system as part of their culture in their work place and organisation as a whole. The principle aim of a 5S system is improved safety, efficiency, and employee morale.By deciding what should be kept, where it should be kept, and how it should be kept, 5S eliminates abandonful clutter and creates ownership of processes among workers. The results of 5S are both visually and economically dramatic. 2. Desc ribe which kind of waste was eliminated for each lean implementation at Duraweld. Can you think of other types of waste that could be eliminated? Waste is defined as non-value added activity or expense that the customer is non paying for. By eliminating waste in the operations, we can reduce lead times, increase quality and decrease costs.Before we can eliminate waste from the processes, we need to be able to identify it. The following are the wastes most commonly associated with Lean. * Transportation Is there unnecessary (non-value added) movement of parts, materials, or information between processes? * Waiting ar people or parts, systems or facilities idle waiting for a work cycle to be completed? * Overproduction Are you producing sooner, faster or in greater quantities than the customer is demanding? * Defects Does the process result in anything that the customer would deem unacceptable? Inventory Do you have any raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) or finish goods that ar e non having value added to them? * Movement How much do you move materials, people, equipment and goods within a processing step? * Extra Processing How much extra work is performed beyond the standard required by the customer? At Duraweld, the 5S (Sort, Set to order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain) was the cornerstone that helps the organisation eliminating the waste. The first step taken by Duraweld was converting a push manufacturing flow to a pull process by creating a visual management system of Kanban card.The cards indicate what to process, when to process and how much to produce. not only it reduces over-production but allows better regulation of intermediate stocks in production cycle. Only the required amount is produced in every stage. This process eliminate waste no work was carried out unnecessarily, machine time is lesser, better utilisation of space in factory. The use of shadow carte du jours helps to organise the es displaceial tools. Relevant machines and too ls were aggregated in cells. Floors were painted in white to assist warning of maintenance issues or detect early wear.Labelling program ensures item/tool used returned to their designated location. This helps in reducing motion of workers i. e. one of the wastes in production line whereby workers can find all machines, tools, and information related to their task is set within a defined area without having to travel around to find what they need. The preventive maintenance by ensuring early detection of wear machine or tools can reduce maintenance cost. The 3S sort, sort in order and shine exercises as explain above also found waste from plastic cuts from the production line which can be recycled and reinserted the manufacturing cycle.The implementation of visual management technique and clear work area organisation ensure people were kept working which means the resources are full utilised. This eliminates unproductivity among the workers their movements are fully controlled no t only by the supervisors but also by the workflow process/schedules. Duraweld made big investment by using an integrated enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to manage stock variation and seasonal stock adjustments. The system allows materials movements, stocks, and production schedules to be managed and monitored through a database in a computer.By using this technology, Duraweld can reduce its manpower cost whereby less supervisor is require to monitor the database as compared to more supervisor required to monitor each tasks if its done manually. Communication is the key success to sustain the lean implementation in the organisation. Clear message was sent across the board on how the changes is require to be done, the benefits and the impact of the implementation to the workers effectively communicated. This not only gets rid of grievances among the workers which are a waste in any organisation but improve employee morale and create sense of belonging to the organisation.T he tracking and elimination of waste is an on-going process. When waste is not actively sought-after(a) and removed, it will continue to build in your company. 3. Considering Durawelds situation, explain which elements of the lean system you would further implement and what would be their positive consequences on the company. As discussed in question no. 2, one of the important elements in the lean system is eliminating the waste which in Durawelds case, the 5S systems are used as a tool to eliminate the wastes within its factory.On top of that the use of Kanban cards system help to increase efficiency in its production cycle by replacing the push system with the pull system. In my opinion, the following elements of Lean can be further implement at Duraweld- 1) Visual Management A Standard run Procedure and a step-by-step instruction which implemented through the visual management such as a manual board/instruction board at each workstation and machine can be used to show how each task is perform or machine is operated.When this visual management is fully utilised, not only the production flows are in order, job rotation among workers can be perform effectively any employees can be prepare to do any task or operate any machine by referring to the instruction board. This will reduce the company dependency of particular experient workers. Everyone in the shop floor is multi-tasked. 2) Quality at the source The quality at source require the production line to do things right the first time. This will eliminate the opportunity of waste i. e. waste of raw material, defect outputs etc. hich will help to reduce cost. At the early stage of production cycle, the workers will inspect, analyse and control their own work to guarantee that the goods and services passed on to the next process stage meet the specification/requirement. 3) Continuous progression Conventional wisdom told us if it aint broke, dont fix it The certainity of todays business environment is th at if were not improving our business processes and meet and exceed customers expectation, our business will not survive. Many organizations create change either by vision or by crisis.The latter seems to be the most prevalent. A major crisis takes place that forces a company to make an improvement. When a crisis hits, its because the vision or change efforts were not sufficient to avoid it. Quick fixes are then applied, and teams are formed to root out the problems. We have to take the time to step back, identify, and analyze what the real issues are, and the type of method to use. There are numerous improvement choices Kaizen, Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma, TQM, Process Reengineering, Value Propositions, etc. 4) Standardized OperationsOne of the most important tools of lean manufacturing is standardized work. When starting a 5S program, the cleaning, organizing, and developing of sustainable practices is done so the elements of work can be standardized. In lean product development deployments, by developing and releasing design guidelines, we are in effect implementing standardized work for engineers. The principles of lean and flow production do not work well when everyone is allowed to choose the method or sequence in which to do the job quality suffers, and productivity drops.This reduces throughput and the carefully developed production system develops unanticipated bottlenecks. Standardized work is a detailed, documented and visual system by which associates develop and follow a series of predefined process steps. It should be used whenever the work requires complementary a series of tasks. Production workers, shipping departments, and warehousing teams all can benefit from implementing standardized work. References- 1. Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Techniques. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Techniques eHow. com

Globalization and Its Merits and Demerits

editProto-globalization Main articleProto-globalization The next phase, known asproto-globalization, was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 16th and 17th centuries, first the LusitanianandSpanish Empires, and later theDutchandBritish Empires. In the 17th century, world trade developed further whenchartered companieslike theBritish East India union(founded in 1600) and theDutch East India Company(founded in 1602, often described as the firstmultinational corporationin which stock was offered) were established. 39Animated map exhibit the development of Europeancolonial empiresfrom 1492 to present TheAge of Discoveryadded theNew Worldto the equation,40beginning in the late 15th century. PortugalandCastilesent the first wildcat voyages41around theHorn of Africaand to the Americas, reached in 1492 by the Italian explorerChristopher Columbus. Global trade growth continued with theEuropean colonization of the Americasinitiating theColumbian Exchange,42the excha nge of plants, animals, foods, human race populations (includingslaves),communicable diseases, and culture between theEasternand Hesperianhemispheres.New cropsthat had come from the Americas via the European seafarers in the 16th century significantly contributed to world population growth. 43The Puritans migration to New England, starting in 1630 under John Winthrop with the professed mission of converting both the natives of North America to Puritan Christianity and raising up a City Upon a Hill that would influence the Western European world, is used as an example of globalization. 44

Early Pregnancy Essay

IntroductionEarly pregnancy is a serious problem for striplings. Teenagers who are pregnant cannot usually support the child on their stimulate. Early pregnancy can have various possible reasons. This paper focuses on find out the possible reasons for wee pregnancy among teens.Conflicts of the striplingFamily problem/broken familyVictims of child abuse and/or neglect are at increased risk for evil and running away. However, existing research indicates that the relationship is not inevitable, because the majority of childhood victims do not manifest these problem bearings. Significantly less is known near connections between childhood victimization and other problem behaviors, such as immature pregnancy, alcohol and illicit drug use and abuse, and self-destructive behavior. Current noesis about these outcomes is sparse and only suggestive. Further research is desperately needed to document whether abused and/or neglected children are at increased risk for these adolescen t problem behaviors, in comparison to authorisation children and adolescents, and to indicate the extent or magnitude of these relationships. Despite the paucity of research, one can still study on some of the potential mechanisms that may link childhood victimization and adolescent problem behaviors (Lamb and Ketterlinus 140).Childhood victimization appears to increase risk for the development of a range of problems in adolescence, including delinquency and violence, running away, sexual promiscuity and teenage pregnancy, and alcohol and drug use and abuse. However, although there are extensive clinical accounts and speculations about the prevalence of these problem behaviors among adolescents who were abused or neglected in childhood, there is scant systematic evidence concerning the extent of these associations, the increased risk relative to control children, and the underlying causal mechanisms. Current knowledge is limited in quantity and type compromised by methodological p roblems, almost exclusively limited to vicariate relationships, and oftentimes characterized by conflicting findings (Cherry, Dillon and Rugh 104).One cause for an earlier pregnancy for a teenager is family problems particularly a broken family. A family is a unit that the teenager mostly depends on, seeing it in a broken statewould force the teenager to rebel and commit something drastic. A teenager who has a broken family would be pass on to temptations because no one reminds him/her what is right thus he/she would move in premarital sexual activities and would be having a child at an early age. A teenager who has a broken family would want to build his/her own even if he/she is not yet ready. They would try to relive the happy times with their family through with(predicate) creating a new one.Financial problem/both parents have no job to earn moneyParents are the ones that need to provide for all the require of their children. To give the children their needs money is neede d. Money is needed to buy clothes, food, lodging and every kind of technology that the children desire. Once the parents cannot produce money since they have no jobs consequently the children usually carries the load and tries to find sources of income for the family. Financial problem would push a teenager to engage in prostitution which may lead to early pregnancy for her. Financial problem would push a teenager to sell her body for some money.Relationship with friends or other peopleIf a teenager has friend who are considered as flirty or has friends who are not good then it would lead them into early pregnancy. Having flirty friends may make the teenager imitate the behavior and have relationships with different men. This might lead into premarital sex and teenage pregnancy. Having friends who are not good might lead a teenager into doing drugs or being an alcoholic. This also might lead to premarital sex and teenage pregnancy.Summary and ConclusionOne cause for an early pregna ncy for a teenager is family problems particularly a broken family. A teenager who has a broken family would be open to temptations because no one reminds him/her what is right thus he/she would involve in premarital sexual activities and would be having a child at an early age. A teenager who has a broken family would want to build his/her own even if he/she is not yet ready. They would try to relive the happy times with their family through creating a new one. Another possible reason for teenage pregnancy is financial problems.Financial problem would push a teenager to engage in prostitution which may lead to early pregnancy for her. A reason for teenage pregnancy is having flirty or bad friends. If a teenager has friend who are considered as flirty or has friends who are not good then it would lead them into early pregnancy. It is the responsibility not only of a parent but of other adults to assist a child so that she will not be pregnant early. Teachers or relatives can be the ones to guide the teenager so that she can withstand her problems and refrain from being pregnant at an early age.BibliographyCherry, Andrew., Dillon, Mary and Rugh, Douglas., Teenagepregnancy A global view. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 2001. Lamb, Michael & Ketterlinus, Robert., Adolescent problembehaviors Issues and research. Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.

Customer Insight

CDWP Competency contribution model for the node Insight Profession Delivering a Professional profit Delivers a professional portion that contributes to shapingal military strength by Delivering a Customer Foc habitd Service Develops and delivers customer-led services by Analysing, Improving and Changing Analyses and uses licence to inform improvement and deliver change by Managing pot and Performance Manages people and resources, and applies project and course of study management techniques, to make high cognitive operation and grade for money by Building Capability LeadingBuilds power to advert current and future business drives through continuous learning and by communicating in ain manners that fend productive operatives relationships by Developing Knowledge and Skills Develops friendship and skills to go current and future business needs. Leads by example to deliver business results by Knowing the problem Understands the face and its customers and how cust omer cleverness can contribute to improved services for customers. Responding to Customer Needs Seeks to image customer requirements and deliver services that are responsive to diverse customer needs.Providing Excellent Customer Service Meets customer needs through excellent customer service. Analysing and using Evidence Uses information to understand performance and make decisions. Deploying People and Resources Effectively Uses resources flexibly and creatively in ship canal that promote diversity and take for the principles of sustainable growing. Delivering Results Manages performance to deliver business objectives and meet performance standards. Managing Finance Monitors and manages finances to ensure value for money.Demonstrating single Demonstrates integrity at all times. Demonstrating Customer Insight Expertise Understands customer insight tools and techniques and uses them to hand insights which lead to an improved service and experience for DWP customers. Improving P erformance Continuously Seeks and implements ways of improving performance. work Collaboratively Works collaboratively in ways that value diversity and add to efficiency. Providing Direction Provides and communicates clear direction to get hold of DWP strategic objectives.Building Customer Insight Capability Establishes effective stakeholder relationships and contributes to an increasing capability across the organisation for insight generation and application. Engaging with Change Implements change in support of DWP strategic objectives. Communicating with Impact Communicates in ways that promote understanding and maintain confidentiality. DWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Delivering a Professional Service Knowing the BusinessUnderstands the organisation and its customers and contributes to its success by Performing in a way that demonstrates understanding of their role within customer insight Working in ways that supports the aims, visions and values of the organisation in being an exemplar of customer service Understand whats most important to DWP customers and the role customer insight plays in developing the customers service experience Working in ways that support learning from customer feedback Working in ways that meet the requirements of the DWP Customer Charter.LEVEL Analysing, Improving and Changing Analysing and utilise Evidence Delivering a Customer Focused Service Responding to Customer Needs Investigates, understands and responds to the needs of customers internal and outer by Using appropriate questioning techniques Building and maintaining excellent relationships with customers Responding to customer feedback Treating all customers fairly and with watch to diverse needs.Uses information to assess progress and make decisions by Identifying and interpreting relevant sources of information Organising information in a way that helps analysis Extracting and presenting information appropriately. 1 Demons trating Customer Insight Expertise Demonstrates expertness by Maintains awareness of relevant customer insight tools and techniques fully grown colleagues and customers a positive impression of themselves and the organisation Using information to inform customer insight decisions and making improvements within their area of ork Providing soundly ground advice to inform actions in response to customer issues, such as complaint handling/ redress. Providing Excellent Customer Service Delivers excellent customer service by Using skills and resources to deliver the best possible service Dealing with customer requests, queries and problems Meeting customer service standards and requirements. Improving Performance ContinuouslyLooks for better ways of working to improve performance of self and team by Reviewing own performance to identify areas for improvement Considering a range of approaches when determining how to do things better. Building Customer Insight Capability Builds t rust with stakeholders by Maintaining a working knowledge of relevant customer insight activity being conducted Maintaining a working knowledge of complaints handling/redress policy Taking pride in their work, the service they offer and the benefits for the customer Demonstrating a proven track record for customer service, delivery and capability.Engaging with Change Helps make changes work by quest clarification if unsure about reasons for change Supporting the implementation of change by making constructive suggestions Helping others during times of change and respecting their rights to different views and ideas. DWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Managing People and Performance Delivering ResultsKnows what is required in their day to day work and takes responsibility for working to a consistently high standard by Agreeing role requirements with those they report to and work with Planning and managing day-to-day workload to meet agreed targets a nd deadlines Consistently applying policies and procedures that are relevant to the role Recognising and reporting risks to the successful completion of work fashioning best use of the available technology and ensuring security of personal and other official information.LEVEL Leading Demonstrating Integrity Building Capability Developing Knowledge and Skills Develops the knowledge and skills needed to meet the requirements of the job and the objectives of the team by Understanding their own strengths and development needs, taking into account feedback from others Seeking new and better learning and development opportunities, including those available as part of their daily work activity Applying and sharing skills and knowledge learned Giving constructive feedback to colleagues. Displays integrity and innocenty by Keeping promises and fulfilling commitments Being able to admit when they have do a mistake Building relationships which balance achieving the task with an ap preciation of others needs. Deploying People and Resources Effectively Makes best use of own time and other resources by Monitoring how their time is used and proposing more efficient ways of working Reducing wastage and encouraging others to do the same Considering the environmental impact of their actions.Working Collaboratively Adopts a business-like approach to working relationships that respects diversity and contributes to effective team working by Listening and responding positively to people with differing views and opinions Providing honest and constructive feedback and challenging negative behaviours Working with others to achieve team objectives Responding appropriately to diverse needs of others. Managing FinanceHelps to achieve value for money by Applying relevant financial and procurement procedures Considering value for money of all their actions nip and tuck relevant queries on financial reporting. Communicating with Impact Communicates clearly taking acco unt of individual need by Adapting communication style to the needs of the audience Presenting own views clearly and building on the views of others Safeguarding personal and other sensitive, official information.

Reflection on my experience in the OB team Essay

Organizational behavior is concern with the understand of the behavior of the people with in an organizational setting. It helps to understand predict and to control human behavior. In a earning environment, we meet people with different ideas and characters. Therefore it is essential to understand how to cooperate with individual personalities to prove police squad workingss skills in different environments. Organizational behavior dismantles how people be stick out as individuals and as members of a group.With regard to the staff Organizational Behavior, our module tutor divided our entire class into conglomerate groups of five and I found myself entitled with four other tremendously enthusiastic classmates of mine, namely Gayani, Jayan, Tharuka and Maheshi who I was very eager to work with. Our take exception was to imagine ourselves as external consultants and analyze the issues about a large planning consultancy named as Alpha Planning. The requirements were to relate the issues to specific organizational behavioral theories that we have discussed in class and as a group, we had to recommend solutions for the relevant issues as to how they could improve further in lay to succeed. This reflective essay analyzes the individual basis theoretical atomic number 18as covered by the module and integrates with my experience on aggroup working with regard to the group words work. I have chosen to elaborate on the way Motivation interacts with group Working.Team work is the key to a successful organization or a project. The notion of united we stand and divided we fall applies very healthful. Today there are many organizations employing hundreds of thousands of people all working together to build and keep the brand of companies. Having a group up may be one issue and building cohesion within a team is another. It is not always easy to achieve unity alone contribute be diligently sought by means of various levels of motif.Motivation is stimul ation or triggering of behavior and directing to achieve certain end goals. umpteen sociologists and psychologists have studiedmotivation and developed certain theories to explain the concept of motivation. F. Herzberg was famous for his two factor theory while Abraham Maslow developed the Maslows hierarchy of needs. Different people are stimulated differently and pull up stakes need a different trigger for action. In other words, there is no shortfall of opportunities to learn on how to motivate a team. Individual differences and perceptions are common in team work as there will be people from all walks of life. Each of them comes from different backgrounds so they will have various characters, personalities, abilities, attitudes, perceptions and experiences. Therefore as a team, it is the certificate of indebtedness of the team members to make sure that these personalities do not clash, but push other team members to forget about their differences and achieve their goal.The f irst and world-class question that appeared in my mind when I was asked to participate on a team to complete the line of descent work was that, why should I be a part of a team? Immediately the decision-making execute began as follows. What is the persona of the team? Is it a topic that interests me? Who will be on the team with me? What mixed bag of authority will I have? What is the reward for participating? and What is the risk for not participating? These were the distinctive questions which related to my motivation to participate in the team. There are times when individuals are not granted the opportunity to refuse participation on a team. For example, as in this scenario when it is a group course work for the partial fulfillment of a particular module, by default, I was a part of the team. The purpose of this team was the successfully completion of the module course work. The question, who will be on the team with me didnt make believe overmuch of a concern as I had the opportunity to work with all of my team members a few times earlier.As soon as we were divided into group, we decided to appoint Maheshi as the Group Leader as we felt she was the best person to be in-charge of the team and decided to work under her guidance. We all determined that the reward for participating in the team is the successfully completion of the module course work and risk for not participating is the failure of the module course work. Therefore, I contumacious to contribute to the course work at my level best and assist my fellow team members in each way I can. Team motivation can rise or fall depending on a myriad of factors. For farsighted-term motivation, there must be a purpose or billing that the team members find aligns with their personalwants and needs. Our purpose was to complete the course work successfully and all of us had one single motive in our mind with regard to the course work.That was to achieve an overall nigh grade for the Organizationa l Behavior module. A team member can be asked to participate on a temporary task force. If the mission is clear, he or she might be able to possess motivation for the duration if he or she feels it is important. However, if it is a topic that is not in line with their needs, their motivation may to continue diminish. This didnt create much of a concern as all of had the fate to clarify our doubts about our mission from the first group meeting. Throughout my life, I have heard many people say that their most rewarding team experiences resulted from some sort of contest. When presented with a challenge, our defenses are alerted to lam us to action or to run away from danger or address it directly. The challenge itself was the motivator. An excess criterion for a challenge is the level of difficulty.If a challenge is too difficult, perhaps perceived as impossible, then team members may give up before they start. However, the uniform result may come on if the members perceive the challenge as too easy. Little energy is required to accomplish something so considerably obtained. Our course work was indeed a challenge, but it is safer to state that it was achievable as we were go forthd the theoretical cognition through with(predicate)out the whole semester during the module lectures. Yet it wasnt a bed of roses as we had to do quite a lot of research to apply our theoretical enjoyledge on a practical working environment. We had to face some difficulties as not only we were informed to identify the organizational issues of the case study, but also to suggest recommendations and methods of implementations. Accordingly for our team, periodic stimulation in the form of a worthy challenge was another factor to maintain the team motivation.In general, people and teams are stimulated by be abandoned responsibility. Having ownership of an identifiable block of work is a long-held principle of motivation in groups. However, responsibility can be tricky. It is im portant to understand that the responsibility comes along with authority to make the necessary changes. Teams that have both the responsibility and authority tend to maintain motivation over longer periods of time. Responsibility can be demotivating if the consequences of error or failureare too great. The short-term performance may be good, but long-term motivation will suffer. It is difficult to sustain high performance when energy is cosmos sapped by fear. We initialized the course work by reading the case study as a group.The discourse was informal and friendly and everyone had an idea to contribute and did not hold back thoughts as plenty of suggestions were creation thrown. At the end of the discussion we came up with a list of possible issues and each of us were given two Organizational Behavior topics to research on, where we had to focus on finding theories, recommendations and implementations that we could relate to the issues. Therefore fit to the task allocation whic h was conducted by our team leader, the responsibility was divided among the team fairly and each and every one of us was responsible for the total outcome of the course work. Another factor that motivates successful teams is camaraderie, sum comradeship, fellowship, and loyalty.Its a lot easier to perform as a team when the team members have a good relationship with each other. The outcome of this kind of relationship building is open and direct communication, denounce praising of each others contributions, and mutual support. Much of the time we like or dislike someone, it relates more towards how well we understand them. And since our formal training has not addressed this, most of us enter adulthood ill-equipped to multitude with the myriad of personalities, temperaments, cultures, values, beliefs, ideologies, religions, and eccentric behaviors of those we meet. One way to break down these barriers is to expand our understanding on our own species.During the course work, the most important fact which I was able to realize was that the team members in our team as individuals had different talents and capabilities. Some of us were good in understanding the theoretical aspects when the others had a hard time understanding the theory and some of us had a wider knowledge in dealings with practical situations and were able to help others. Therefore we were able to use these various capabilities for different types of tasks. Each of us completed separate parts of the course work and this assisted us a great deal to finish the entire course work before the deadline.During the brainstorming session, I was able to help my team mates who were unable to grasp the organizational theories by explaining the case study thoroughly in much simpler terms. This act ledtowards building camaraderie within the team. At the beginning, there were issues with regard to the fact that our team leader tended to take the entire burden and some of the team members werent aware of th e work that has been done. However, subsequently the submission of the Report Plan we were able to solve that issue by communicating directly with the Team Leader and expressing our ideas to her. Thereafter, there were no conflicts with regard to dissatisfaction in members work and there was no depression or tension even at the last minute. Therefore we all were move to work as a team and were able to finish the relevant tasks much easily.Personal and team growth can provide another basis for sustained team motivation. When people feel they are moving forward, learning advanced concepts, adding to their skill base, and stretching their minds, motivation tends to remain high. Personal growth adds value to the individual, enhancing self-esteem and self-worth. Accordingly, team members and team leaders should look for opportunities that help add knowledge and skills. Enrolling in the module, Organizational Behavior has enabled me to understand and analyze the way people interact wit hin the organizations both now and in the future. As a morsel year student, I will be able to gain the exposure of a real working environment during my placement year. Therefore acquiring some of the career management and higher education skills through team working is essential for my career development.This was indeed a motivational factor for me to engage in this course work and provide my level best contribution to the team. As my team mates had the same motive, it was a motivational factor for the entire team. Being a part of this team made me realize that there are both the visible and invisible benefits of a highly motivated team. Highly motivated team members look forward in completing the tasks successfully, actively and consciously contribute to the team, get more done and have more ideas, focus their energy on the positives rather than the negatives and reinforce the team culture. Creating and sustaining motivation requires open communication, honesty and respect. Essent ially, motivation is about bonding with the fellow team mates. If we make an effort to know them, listening to them and valuing them for their particular contributions and potential, they are more likely to work with us in meeting the challenges.In conclusion, I would like to state that in a team, whose members arealigned with its purpose, feel a challenge in their task, have a strong sense of camaraderie, feel responsibility for the outcome, and experience growth as a team and in their personal lives, will tend to sustain motivation over the long haul. This is not to say that the team will not have difficulties at times, or the members needs wint change over time. In these cases, sometimes changes will have to be made. But, as much as it is possible to sustain motivation indefinitely the factors which I mentioned above will tend to create the best possible environment for it. In fact I would like to state that those factors helped us as a team to be motivated in reaching our goal and as well as to develop our team working skills.The knowledge gained and skills that I have enhanced through successful interaction among team members will undoubtedly be useful in future. It has built up my confidence and efficacy to voice my concerns and opinions within a group as required. In addition this would enhance my leadership skills in terms of the ability to understand individual experiences and factors influencing motivation which could be effectively made use of in project management.