Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Cash Flows Larry D. Abernathy ACC 421/Intermediate Financial Accounting I Richard Burden Statement of Cash Flows The facts contained in the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement is connected by the bridge that is the statement of cash flows. By recording the flow of cash and cash equivalents into and out of the company the statement of cash flow is a good indicator of a company’s health. Thus, the purpose of the statement of cash flow is to reflect in record form the cash balances reflected in the balance sheet.The statement of cash flow has three main sections and each section tells us a unique thing about the company. The operating section tells us how the company is generating and using cash to support its day to day activities. Specifically, it gives information about the payments for the sales of loans, debt or equity instruments in a trading portfolio, the interest payment, tax payment, payments to suppliers for goods and services, dividends on equ ity securities, interest received on loans, receipts received on loans and receipts from sale of goods and services.Also the cash flow statement helps assess the ability of the entity to pay its bills and meet its obligations. The investing section tells us how a company is using its cash to grow long-term. If you see a lot of investments outflow, that means that the company is investing in capital projects that will sustain its earnings in the long-term. It gives information about the investing activities that are used with operating activities. The cash that goes into the investing activity of the firm is disclose by the cash flow statement.This includes loans made to suppliers, assets like and, purchase. Financing sections tells us the equity and debt situation of the company or how a firm is raising money to support its short-term and long-term goals. In detail the cash in financing activities provides information about the proceeds from issuing shares, from issuing short term o r long term debt, from capital leases, repayment of debt principal, payments made for repurchase of shares and payments of dividends. Fundamentally, the purpose of the cash flow statement is to inform about the past sources of cash to forecast the bility of the entity's ability to generate a positive cash flow in the future. The cash flow statement provides information from where the entity's cash is coming from. Is it coming from operations mainly or it is coming from other sources. The cash flow statement also provides information about the effect of investment and financing on the operations of the business. There are three parts of the cash statement namely cash from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities.The cash flow statement gives us the opening balance of cash, the amount of cash received during the operating period, the amounts paid during the period, the net increase or decrease in cash for the period and the final cash flow balance. When asse ssing the financial strength of a business it is important to know the cash flow statement because it gives an idea if the firm will be able to pay salaries and other immediate expenses. The cash flow statement also gives information if the firm will be able to repay its creditor. The cash flow statement also informs the lender or potential lenders if the company is financially sound.The contractors and future employees can assess if the cash flows of the company will be able to pay them salaries. While assessing the financial strength of a business it is necessary to know the time, amount and chances of future cash flows, the cash flow statement provides this information. For assessing the financial strength of a firm it is important to compare the operating performance of different companies, the cash flow statement allows this comparison. Further, it is important to ass the changes in assets, liabilities and equity. The cash flow statement provides such an opportunity.Most import antly, it is necessary to know the liquidity and cash in hand of a firm. Essentially the cash flow statement helps assess the financial position of the company by indicating to an investor how much cash flowed into and out of the company over a period of time and in addition it helps reconcile the income statement with the balance sheet. The accounting assumptions that are used for preparing the income statement and the balance sheet are compared with the hard cash earned. No assumptions are made in the preparation of the cash flow statement, and there are not estimations in the cash flow statement.Finally, by closing observing the statement of cash flow, one can determine the solvency of a company and how liquid it is. Having excess cash is an indicator that a company is very liquid and will likely return money to the stakeholders and is likely to be in sound financial condition. If a company is struggling then it will have very little cash. It will struggle to meet its debt obliga tions and may go into bankruptcy as well. References The accounting process. (2010). Retrieved on December 12, 2012 from http://www. netmba. com/accounting/fin/process

Fairness Principle

Compare and contrast the guiding principles of the Global Business Standards Codex and the Mixed Framework principles. Global business standards codex captures eight major underlying principles in which ethical behavior can be interpreted and evaluated. The eight ethical principles are fiduciary, property, reliability, transparency, dignity. fairness, citizenship and responsiveness. Fiduciary Principle. As part of the legal structure of a business organization, each officer and director of a company has a legal fiduciary duty to act in the best interest of the stakeholders and other employees within the firm.Furthermore, there is also an implied fiduciary duty for every employee within the organization to also act in a way that generates positive benefits for the firm. Property Principle. The property principle is based on the belief that every employee should respect property as well as the rights of the owners of the property. This principle has been expanded to intangible property and now also includes the misappropriation of intellectual property or other types of information.It expected that an employee would protect the tangible and intangible assets of the firm and the employee should be a good steward to the resources the employee has access to. Reliability Principle. It is based on the belief that it is the employee’s responsibility to honor the commitments he or she has made to the firm. It is expected that the employees will follow through with the promises and commitments that have been made between the employees and the firm. Transparency Principle. It is based on the belief that every employee should conduct business in a truthful and open manner.It is expected that the employees will not make decisions based on a personal agenda and not to act in a descriptive manner and to keep accurate and current records of all the business obligations that are currently the responsibility of the employee. Dignity Principle. It is based on the belief th at each employee needs to respect the dignity of all individuals. It encourages the enhancement of human development not only within the company and marketplace, but also in the society at large. Therefore, any type of humiliation coercion, or other type of human offenses is in direct violation of the dignity principle. Fairness Principle. It is based on the belief that stakeholders who have a vested interest in the firm should be treated fairly. There are four types of fairness: reciprocal fairness, distributive fairness, fair competition and procedural fairness. Reciprocal fairness addresses the issues of treating another party fairly and having the other party treat the firm fairly. Distributive fairness is based on the assumption that the allocation of finite resources within the firm will be distributed fairly based on maximizing the benefits of those allocations.Fair competition focuses on the fair treatment given by the firm as it interacts with its existing and potential competitors, Procedural fairness deals with ensuring that parties that interact with the firm are treated fairly from a due process perspective. Citizenship Principle. It is based on the belief that every employee should act as a responsible citizen in the community. It is also expected that employees respect the laws of the community. Furthermore, it is expected that employees protect and preserve public goods or commons available to the community. It is also expected that employees should be cooperative with community officials.Responsiveness Principle. It is based on the belief that employees have a responsibility to respond to requests for information about the operations from the various stakeholders. As a result, employees must not only reply to stakeholders’ request for information, but also be responsive to ideas presented by the stakeholders to help improve the operations of the firm. A responsive firm is expected to react in a timely manner to resolve any outstanding issues that have been raised by the employees, interest groups, suppliers, the local community and any other stakeholders that has a vested interest in the company.Mixed Framework principles:a)Fidelity: an individual needs to keep explicit and implicit promises.b)Reparation: an individual must act an repairing the conseque nces for previous wrongful acts.c)Gratitude: an individual must be able to show gratitude for the kindnesses that others have given him or her.d)Justice: an individual should try to see that any goods are fairly distributed.e)Beneficence: an individual should focus on trying to improve the lives of others.f)Self-improvement: an individual should improve oneself by focusing on virtue and intelligence.g)Noninjury: an individual should not cause any harm to others.

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Review - Essay Example Its ability to manufacture and replicate things at a very cheap cost has numerous benefits that include the field of medical science, food production and even computer engineering. Ralph Merkle even envisaged that when nanotechnology reached its potential, we would come to the point that everybody is already materially wealthy that we will no longer ask what we can afford but on what is intrinsically valuable that we need. Ralph C. Merkle envisioned that with nanotechnology, we would be able to cure ailments which are not yet possible today due to the absence of technology and high cost. Mr. Merkle said that with nanotechnology, we would be able to cure diseases at molecular and surgical level with tools developed by nanotechnology . This implies that the serious medical condition of the planet’s ailing people which cannot be effectively treated due to the lack of resources will already become possible thus reducing the level of human suffering (Gehl, 2000). Nanotechnology can also lower the manufacturing cost of food which is very prohibitive in many countries today causing many people to go hungry. As of today, there are many people who are starving and this has become a source of conflict. Also, food is also used as a political tool which had the serious consequence of starving the people who are caught in the middle of a conflict. With nanotechnology, food production will become less expensive and those people who are starving due the inability to produce food will now be able to produce it at a much lower cost. When this happens, food will no longer be used as a political tool and people will no longer starve. This will have a positive ripple effect of reducing conflict caused by shortage of food. Ralph C. Merkle also sees that in few decades from now, nanotechnology will enable computers to become incredibly powerful that â€Å"we will have more power in the volume of a sugar cube than exists in the entire

STATUTORY VALUATION - Compulsory Purchase (REAL ESTATE BSc COURSE) (2) Essay

STATUTORY VALUATION - Compulsory Purchase (REAL ESTATE BSc COURSE) (2) - Essay Example However, we acknowledge that the adoption of compulsory purchase law will come with the right for people whose property interests may be affected by the claim compensation. Given that the shop was let to the Smiths Minimarket; the first floor leased out for 125 years; and the advert hoarding at the ground floor let out at an annual license, the freeholders are justified to receive  £ 334,800 compensation. From the available records, the shop was let to Smiths Minimarket on an FRI basis for 15 years from 25.12.2011 at a cost of  £ 20,000 per year though subject to a rent review every 3 years. It is evidence the shop`s first floor flat was leased out for 125 years from 25.12.2008 for a rent of  £ 200 per year. It is also well-known that portion of the shop, particularly at ground floor, had an advert hoarding let at  £ 5,000 per year though on annual license. We learnt that the planning consent was not renewed, actually from the time it was given for 3 years, years ago. Moreover, the freeholder receives  £ 50 every Friday evening from Mrs. Jones who has a chip and fish van that occupy the shop from the side of forecourt. It is said this agreement was held on a license that was stated to run for two years. In addition to all these, the freeholder revealed that  £ 100 is paid per sale by Mr Youens for casual sale of second-hand cars that occupy the three places on front forecou rt of the shop. A good number of compulsory purchases are made under laws granted by several general Acts. The Government had walked the talk of its early intention to complement the existing laws by fresh laws which dictates that authorization of compulsory acquisition is given through compulsory purchase order that is created by the acquiring body and affirmed by the appropriate Minister or confirming authority. This order should be in prescribed form and comprises a statement of purpose for which property is

Libraries around the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Libraries around the world - Essay Example One can see this in the Reading Room of the Richelieu site, which does not have any walls at all. Other design elements such as the choice of furniture, decoration, lighting, etc. have to complement this principle. This is true across all library designs. Modern libraries, like those found in the United States, would integrate glass wall panels in keeping with the emphasis on space. The only difference is the attempt of library designers to integrate the cultural elements that represent the community where a library is situated. In some countries like the United Kingdom, library design and evolution is closely tide with the education tradition. Nonetheless, designing it is not unlike the way churches are built. The design and structure of church buildings reflect the values, beliefs and spiritual within a community it is built for. This is the same with libraries. In addition, as library holds some philosophical and cultural symbolisms, they assert their own informational, ideological and even nationalistic

Concepts on Strategic and Quality Management Dissertation

Concepts on Strategic and Quality Management - Dissertation Example Ireland (1991) states that quality definitions have focused on the satisfaction of customers instead of the efficiency brought about by systems to firms. The necessities of the customers serve as the building blocks that guides firm in creating quality systems. In the situation where the Company involved, the needs of the customers greatly affected the decision to change the inventory system. The company, however, also considered other aspects in devising the proposed scheme. The balance between the needs of the customers and the goals of the Company is essential. There are some concrete steps that need to be undertaken to ensure that quality is achieved. Kerzner (2003) provided a comparison of experts’ views on guides to meet quality standards. The Company has to instil awareness in the organisation that changes need to be done. Goals have to be set and proper resources have to be pooled to realise these goals. The Company has to ensure that progress of the project is recorded and ample adjustments are made during the course of the implementation. Most important, the Company needs to sustain all the positive effects created by the inventory system and channel these to other weak points. ... Project managers usually divide the process into stages so that projects are managed with efficiency. Gray and Larson (2003) stated that the project life cycle gives a framework that identifies the key issues and sources of conflicts. As Evans and Lindsay (1993) suggested, planning is a critical stage of quality management. The first stage of the cycle relates to the conception of projects. The management sets lofty goals that have to be achieved given a period of time. The goals are in line with the inventory targets of the company. After the management has decided for the conceptual guidelines, the next manoeuvre is to incorporate the ideas to all entities in the organisation. The final step in the first stage allows the management to delegate individuals who will be tasked to manage and maintain the project. Quality personnel are selected to ensure that goals are met. Hormozi et al (2000) explained that the development of the project has to produce a master plan. The master plan w ill detail the manner in which the available resources will be used to make the project succeed. The primary attributes that has to be promoted in this stage are aggressiveness and comprehensiveness. The master plan illustrates the budget and the schedule. Budgeting is important to prevent constraints once the project starts the realisation phase. The schedule reveals the number of days required for the project to be finished and eventually be incorporated with the current production process. The execution covers the performance of the project that requires control (Evans and Lindsay, 1993). Regular monitoring and measuring of performance is advantageous for the project. The control phase also ascertains areas where improvements are needed and the failures of the project. The

Christopher Columbus, journal excerpts and letter Essay

Christopher Columbus, journal excerpts and letter - Essay Example The sojourner reached remote islands and places. He named the first island found San Salvador in honor to Lord and Saviour who gave such ‘miracle’ (Cohen, 1992, p. 115) although natives called it Guanahani. The second island he has gone to was named Santa Maria de Concepcion, the third was â€Å"Fernandina† and the fourth was â€Å"Isabela†. The fifth island was named â€Å"Juana† (Cohen 1992 p. 115). What catches Columbus’ attention as he makes and encounters the native islanders? When Columbus met some native men gathered he immediately took notice of their masculine features, long hair and bodies painted in black, red and white. His compassion made him think that these persons should be converted to Christianity â€Å"by love and not by force†. (Cohen 1992) He also noticed that there were villagers who immediately left their homes when the ships were seen to have arrived in the area. In his report, he described his amazement at how these people received their gifts and their strong interest in material things was illustrated by how the natives immediately put these materials on their body (Mar, 1996).

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Consumers always desired to get newer stocks and also other modified and sophisticated inventories which they considered would help meet the value of their expenses. Further the consumers also are found to order for getting the repeat stocks owing to the quality advantage obtained from such. However the present practice followed by the company in regards to stocking of the inventory created a problem for the consumers for they failed to get the right stock ordered for and also failed to regain the reorders made. The huge pile of unwanted and unsold inventories added to the problem for which the right and effective stock failed to be procured rightly and stocked for being delivered to the consumers. This problem of overstocking also led the company encounter huge losses and also blocked a large part of the working capital. This capital thus blocked could have been used by the company in other productive purposes. Thus the company not only suffers from lack of proper revenues emanating from the sales of inventories but also large numbers of complaints lodged in by the different customers for not getting the proper stocks required for. This fact in turn is found to hamper the goodwill of the firm and led the company counter a failure in the competitive business market. Moreover the presence of large number of unused and unsold stocks in the warehouse makes matters worse for specifically identifying those stocks which lead to the menace. Thus having large stocks spread around 30,000 stock keeping units create large number of problems for the warehouse manager to rightly identify and reduce the number of such odd stocks. Hence the management of Champion Electric thinks it feasible enough to reduce the inventory level so as to help in the effective management of the right and productive stock for the business concern to sale and gain considerable profit. Thus the management of the concern was found to be concerned in management of the stock levels of the firm in a sm art manner so as to help enhance the productivity climate of the organization. Hence this effective management of the stock level would help the company in firstly assessing the productive stock level and secondly in meeting the needs of the consumers in an effective manner. It would thereby save the concern in times of emergency when it required procuring products from external markets with additional amounts so as to meet customer requirements (Case, 232). A.2. President Campos of Champion Electric also was found concerned regarding the piling up of the stock levels in the warehouse leading to locking of considerable amount of financial investments rendered for such purpose. These unused levels of stocks in the concern not only made the management feel wary but also led to rise in the event of consumer dissatisfaction. Thus the president desired the effective management of such stock levels which would help the concern to enhance the level of service it required to deliver to the consumers by catering to their demands effectively (Case, 232). Thus Barb Patterson in order to abide by the order of the president was required to fulfill certain salient steps. Firstly Barb is required to identify such stocks which have been piled up in the warehouse for six months through the use of stock codes or labels in the computer. Secondly Barb is require

The Impact of Internal Conflicts on World Poltics Term Paper

The Impact of Internal Conflicts on World Poltics - Term Paper Example From the end of World War II until 2000, over sixteen million perished through internal wars, compared to three and a half million from interstate wars, (Alley 1). For each interstate war within that period, approximately five internal conflicts occurred, the relative totals being 25 and 112 respectively and the incidence of internal war has abated since its peak during the 1990s, although not markedly, (Walensteen and Sollenberg 623)a. Averaging 53 months in duration, internal wars are often protracted; their bitter political effects and legacies of crime, lawlessness and impunity lingering even longer after the guns have fallen silent and even when seemingly settled they often maintain a lethal potential to reignite. Various termed internal, intra-state, or civil wars, these events often lack fine starting and concluding points as the conditions of neither war nor peace testify to inconclusive military outcomes and continuing settlement failure. These conditions harbour unaccountab le local elites exploiting them to loot the national patrimony as much about the causes, costs and impacts of internal conflicts remains essentially domestic, but its international dimensions are usually germane and often telling. Embattled governments invite outsiders in; internal conflicts spread across borders; war within states feed off and sustain commercial penetrations; intergovernmental and externally based non-governmental relief operations establish their presence; and these conflicts evoke an array of external interventions ranging from military infiltrations to United Nations (UN) Security Council enforcement engagements authorised under Chapter Seven of the UN Charter. Criminality is now a significant factor in the internationalisation of internal conflict and hence the comprehension of internal wars therefore requires an appreciation of their international dimensions and implications (Walensteen and Sollenberg 593-600)b. Without denying their significant international dimensions, definitions of intra-state wars focus primarily on domestic origins; events fought between self-aware, defined groups that have organisational capacities to plan and carry out military operations in support of political goals. When viewed as insurgencies, internal wars comprise unconventional armed violence organises to either topple an existing regime or secede from an existing state, (Snow 65 & Thakur 117), a distinctive feature is the widespread entanglement of civilians as agents and victims; and such risk overt targeting by protecting and harbouring combatants, operating inside borders and without sanctuaries to which they can withdraw. This confinement intensifies internal wars, combatants and civilians alike forced to live by the knowledge that, should they survive, they will likely have to physically coexist as former enemies and the evenge enacted locally as an end in itself confuses wide objectives, complicating agreement about negotiating priorities or settlem ent implementation within and between warring factions. Some internal conflicts drag on for so long that few involved retain notions of the originating casus belli or political purpose, the conflict in Angola being an example and to revise Hobbes, internal wars are nasty, brutish and long, (Alley 6) Impacts upon international politics Internal conflicts now cost the international community in a variety of ways. A first cost results from habituation to crisis as the trigger resource mobilisation and claims that such

Portfolio risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Portfolio risk management - Assignment Example In this relation the overall comparison of the risk and return from the different investment alternatives that comprise of real estate investment and portfolio without real estate investment and correlating the same with the current weighing of investment certain result has been derived. In this relation, making the portfolio of investment through 10% investment in real estate along with 41% in SCS and 49% in LTGB is regarded to be highly efficient investment alternative or portfolio, as the relative return of such portfolio is 2.61 and risk is 4.50. Moreover, the overall analysis reveals the fact that different portfolio provides different risk and return scenario but investing the RE with relative weighting of 0.10 in RE, 0.41 in SCS and 0.49 in LTGB will provide relative lower amount of risk and higher return over the similar risk category. This is why the particular portfolio has been mentioned. Portfolio is an important concept of financial management, which refers to the combination of various investment tools including stocks, bonds, shares, mutual funds, and cash that varies based on the income, budget and period of the investor (Reilly & Brown, 2011). Additionally, the art of selection of appropriate investment approach in terms of minimal amount of risk along with maximum return is regarded as the approach of portfolio management. Moreover, the key importance of portfolio management is to derive superior investment plan for the investors. Furthermore, managing the entire budget of investor based on the different alternative will enable them to minimize the risk in comparison to investing the fund in single investment proposal and increase the likelihood of profitability. In relation to the portfolio theory, it has been assumed that investor is risk adverse and they like to select the investment proposal from the given set of investments with equal rate of return havin g minimal amount of risk. The ability to combine and form the investment based on

Organization Psychology Essay Example for Free

Organization Psychology Essay During the period between 2002 and 2005 a cancer center in Jordan i. e. King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC) changed its organization model from traditional to transformed model. The need for transformation was in response to external factors of the environment in order to accommodate the needs of its stakeholders. Initially the center was called Al-Amar center which had operations and image problems that were affecting the organization (Miller, 2006). Al-Amar centre was perceived to be ineffective institution for caring of cancer . However it has transformed into a comprehensive centre for cancer that resemble western styles. The name of this centre changed to King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC) following the change between 2002 and 2005 there were improved care services and improved its quality levels. In the same period the center was accredited and achieved Joint Commission International (JCI) (Miller, 2006). Organization Psychology Following the changes of KHCC it was able to achieve accountability, fiscal balance, certificate of accreditation from the international body and diversification of the service. There are three concepts which are believed to have led to the rapid changes in KHCC these are transnational culture, transformational leadership and political competence (Jeffrey, Gregory Andrew, 2007). Both natural and political values are included in transformational leadership formulation. Transformational leadership can be explained by looking at the values, norms and cultural organization behavior; others are like internal negotiations, political influence in assessing such resources and setting external boundaries. The mechanisms that facilitated changes lie within the capabilities of the leaders and their behavior. The leaders in KHCC were seen to sacrifice themselves a great deal in drawing out themselves and the followers. The leaders were devoted to attend to the needs of patients and those of lower level employees. This was in an effort to raise the healthcare standards the attributes that result from transformational leadership are universal and are mediated by specific cultural expectations from the lower employees (Miller, 2006). The characteristics of leadership in KHCC were not cultural specific. There is new form of leadership that is different from the previous one. The new leadership is goal oriented and allows participation of the followers in identification, implementation and evaluation of projects and programs aimed at improving the performance of the healthcare. However transformational leadership can be autocratic or democratic but the form of leadership that is observed in KHCC involves all the stakeholders in the project design and implementation of their programs. The aspect of involvement of the stakeholders fall under four components in KHCC i. e. intellectual stimulation, idealized stimulation, ideological motivation and individual consideration (Jeffrey, Gregory Andrew, 2007). Inspirational motivation can be created by leaders by articulating the future of the organization through setting of higher goals and standards that are inspiring and appealing to the follower. These goals or standards make the follower to be optimistic in what they are doing and therefore they will sacrifice themselves even where there are difficulties. For an organization to move to higher level of service it requires the team members to sacrifice themselves. Activities such as problem solving, daily meeting and working in late hour’s in order to meet the goals and objectives of the organization requires personal sacrifice and therefore there is need for the stake holders to be motivated (Miller, 2006). Initially the safety of the patients was compromised and therefore the leaders and the followers of KHCC committed themselves inured to create higher standards and improve the health care services. Idealized influence can be achieved when the follower admire or emulate a leader as being ideal. The followers of KHCC admired their leaders since they had high level of commitment, show of professionalism and they were willing to take care of patients. Respect of the leaders is also necessary in the achievement of the vision of the organization. In KHCC the goals are expressed to the team as inspirations and all the stakeholders are involved. There is training for staff at all levels based on the individual needs. Team building serves to reinforce commitment mutual respect and gathering ideas. Intellectual stimulation and individual consideration are behaviors among the leaders that attend to individuals with challenging issues or needs, concerns and soliciting the ideas of others (Andrea, 1997). Cultural sensitivity also contributed to the transformation of KHCC. This refers to the art of understanding the preference, norms and biases which may result to ineffective patient interaction. Cultural sensitivity and competence contribute to the success of the organization. At KHCC the staffs are recruited with knowledge of global technologies and communication that contribute to a medical society globally. Currently many international corporations are living expatriates with both local and western knowledge. Cultural competence can be gained by deploying information technology (Bommel, 2005). Prior to the transformation of KHCC information technology was poor and therefore the rapid growth of the center required a wider distribution of information technology. At KHCC video conferencing internet and e-mail access, access to national and global libraries of health, telepathology have been made possible. The increased use of information technology has influenced transnational culture (Moe, 2007). The establishment of the information technology was to enhance the health services to patients. The technologies have made KHCC to advance into western center for cancer. There is advanced training that has facilitated competent and qualified clinical scientist who is familiar with therapeutic and clinical oncopology practice. Through the training they have succeeded in both internal and international medical environment (Bommel, 2005). â€Å"End of life† is a service that has been implemented in KHCC and did not exist previously. This is a system that was implemented during transformation and was aimed at prolonging life. The system is also aimed at paying attention to quality of life of patients. The staffs have been able to create and mobilize cultural support through training that they undergo under palliative care. The staff has also diversified their language in order to break the language barrier and cater for the needs of all the stake holders. The influence and control between the stakeholders also have contributed to the rapid transformation of KHCC. The confidence and trust that is created by the leaders confer the followers’ willingness to follow or have an explanation of their willingness. KHCC staffs were able to create this confidence among their followers and therefore contributed to the rapid growth (Andrea, 1997). The staffs were also genuine and sincere in their commitment towards the achievement of KHCC the relationship between the domestic organization of healthcare, senior staffs and the overseas organization was vital for the transformation of KHCC. This relationship enabled the center to use effectively the technologies in order to cater for the needs of the stakeholders. Conclusion Culture extends beyond the boundaries of institutes. The professional role of culture and cultural context that is carried within information technology can make globalization to be possible. Political competence as a characteristic of a leader has a particular utility in the role of government in promoting health care and resource use and exchanges. Government incentives should include political capabilities in setting external broader boundaries in environment. Political capabilities can help to achieve the desired goals of an institution since they impact on their financial status. Therefore political competence need to be identified and leaders be trained on how to posses them. During the rapid changes of KHCC there were growing number of patients and programs and services increased (Moe, 2007)

Explanation of Human Behavior Essay Example for Free

Explanation of Human Behavior Essay Psychology is a vast field that studies the behavior of a person. Because of psychology there is a better understanding of the disorders people may be affected by, the choices people make, and even the sexuality of the human race is understood by psychology. How psychology came to be, is a question that I had asked myself in the past. When researchers chose to directly observe psychological events, such as timed reactions, 130 years ago, psychology emerged into a scientific field of its own. The first psychological lab was created in 1879 by Wilhelm Wandr. Since the field of psychology was originally developed by Caucasian males, many beliefs were biased. As the field of psychology has grown, so has the diversity involved in psychological study; leaving us with more accurate understanding. As I happened to mention earlier, psychology is a vast field. This leaves room for many different perspectives. There are three primary perspectives with several sub-fields of psychology. First there is the biological perspective which includes biopsychology and evolutionary psychology. Second, is the psychological perspective that includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, the psycho-dynamic approach, and humanism. The third perspective of psychology is the sociocultural perspective. Together, these three perspectives and their sub-fields have helped in advancing knowledge in the field. A long standing debate in the field of psychology is the effect of nature and nurture on a person’s behavioral development. I feel that both are equally important factors in how a person behaves. Some people are born with psychological disorders, but their upbringing helps them live a comfortable life without being controlled by their disorder. Others grow up in a bad environment that brings out the worst of their disorders. There are some people who aren’t born with psychological disorders, but develop some over time due to their upbringing. For example, I was born without any  abnormalities and was completely healthy. Unfortunately I was born into a family of addiction and violence. As a child I was sexually, physically, and emotionally abused. As a result of this abuse I suffered from depression and even now as an adult, many of my choices are influenced by the environment I grew in. I do feel that a lot of personal choices are in our own control, though. Another example, though I was raised in the type of family I was raised in, I chose to be better. I chose to break the pattern of addiction and abuse and become a better person. I know other people who grew up in the same situation as me, and they choose to follow the path and they choose to carry a grudge that the world owes them something. I feel there are too many factors involved in behavior for it to be caused by only one perspective. Reference Mitterer, Coon. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Cengage Learning.

Benefits of Parent Involvement in Child Education

Benefits of Parent Involvement in Child Education Family involvement makes a difference in a child development. Family is inside the microsystem and is close setting for a child, so child will get direct influence and experience from the family. For the sake of the healthy and holistic development of children, educator need to understand the importance, benefits, challenges and ways to get family involvement. According to Epstein (1995), there are six types of parent involvement, which are parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with community. Parent involvement not just means that parent only have one way to interact with the school such as collect the report, school need to provide various activities for the parent to be involve in children’s learning process. For the parenting, teacher can help the parent to learn about child development and what is developmentally appropriate practice for children (Epstein, 1988). For example, parent can learn the four types of parenting styles, included authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent and uninvolved parenting style and the impact on children from the aspect of autonomy granting, acceptance and involvement and control. When school provide this type parent involvement, it actually helps school to have a deeper understanding about the environment, practice and culture of that family. Co mmunicating is also important parent involvement, it helps to develop an effective communication between school and home about children’s progress and school activities or policy (Epstein, 1988). Besides that, volunteering provide opportunity for parent to participate in the school activities such as fund-raising, provide car pools service and teach topic related to their professional (Epstein, 1988). Policy of the school and convenient of both side need to be considered to prevent unexpected event to happen such as parent prepare peanut butter cake that are not allow in school food safety policy. Learning at home give chances for parent and children to engage in educational activities at home together (Epstein, 1988) , for instance, complete the collage with the adult guidance, take picture of holiday time for show and tell session and prepare a traditional food to bring for the family night. In addition, parent also can be involved in decision making activities (Epstein, 19 88). Parents are not just the people that pay the fee, they are also valued member to give comment to and develop school policy such as curriculum planning, teacher hiring standard and chose teaching materials. The last type is collaborating with the community, it means that school support parent to provide services to the community (Epstein, 1988). For instance, raise fund for charity organisation, clean the housing area and donate reading materials to the public library. Why the parent involvement is importance for the children’s development? Firstly, most of the children spend more time in home with parent than in school, the attitude of parent has greater influence on children than teacher. For instance, when parent care about the school activities so much, willing to participate as much as they can and show the initiative towards it, their children will indirectly know that because of school is important, that is why parents spend so much time on it. Children will have better attendance and done the homework in time with the adult guidance. Secondly, when parent get involved in school activities, they will have deeper understanding about the way school teach their child, the school policy and they may change their perception or belief about child development. Through this, children can obtain better nourishment from parent that are knowledgeable and responsive toward the children’s learning experience in school and try to link it to the home environment. Thirdly, emotion wellbeing of the children can be enhance if the parent involvement is sustained, not just a few times in one year or limited to greeting each other and pay fee only. Some children do not like to go to school and want to stay at home is because they do not see the relationship between the school and home, they think these two are separated, they feel insecure and anxious when they leave house and parent. So, when parent get participate in the school activities, children will know that relationship of school and parent is well established and feel comfortable and proud when they saw parent show the care for their learning and school is view their parent as valued members to cooperate with. Children gain lots of benefits from the family involvement in early childhood centre. They gain the sense of self-worth in school because they really feel secure and acknowledged that school is the place for them to learn and spread their wings safely, without any negative emotion. Consistent responses between parent and school also help children to develop self-worth, self-confident and positive engagement with adult, classmates and learning process (Carol, 2010). When parent and teacher have effective communication, they will talk about how to enhance children’s development and how to provide enrichment for children, children know adult are care for them, not just dumping then in school alone. Parents also increase the confidence and level of self-esteem on themselves and school provided education through the activities such as child-rearing skills class, field trips and policy making process (Carol, 2010). Besides that, parents also know school is supportive and will not fe el lost when bring up young children, especially young, first time to be a parent. When they acquired the skill to help their child better, they tend to support the learning at home more, in consistent, authoritative and developmentally appropriate way. Furthermore, not only children and parent gain benefit from parent involvement, teacher gain too. When parent are involved in the learning process of children, teacher will gain insight into that family’s culture, background, sensitive issue and practice. Every parent have different expectation for their own child too (Carol, 2010).This will help teacher to plan more suitable, appropriate learning experience and activities for children and their family members. Teacher morale can be improve too (Carol, 2010), when teacher know that parent are willing to collaborate with them, their energy and positive mind set will be increase, thus they will have strong competence in the profession and advancement. Quality of teaching also im proved because obtain the assistance and support from parent such as teaching aids or resources, parent talk about their professional and volunteer as replacement teacher (Carol, 2010). There are some challenges of parental involvement, including time management problem, personal problems, language or culture differences, attitude of teacher and lack of understanding and trust (Carol, 2010). Nowadays, working parents are very common, they are very busy and not always available. If the school did not take this into consideration, the parent involvement will be reducing because parents are not free to attend the activities. This will cause the lacking in direct, face to face interaction between teacher and the ineffective delivery of message. Teacher also have time problem, they are busy all the time and fail to maintain a regular communication with families. Parents will feel fear and reluctant to approach the teacher (Carol, 2010). Every person has different personality, some are introvert, timid and some are out going and open. When the parent or teacher have difficulties and do not dare to tell each other about their needs, both of them will lost the opportunity t o help and this will influences the child. For example, teacher lacking teaching material and parents do not have transportation for the child. For the people with low self-esteem and confidence, they think that they do not have the ability to help each other or they feel shy and shame because of their low socio-economic group. Parent with old, traditional parent involvement concept also cause the challenge for family involvement in school (Carol, 2010), they think that it is unnecessary, waste time and not willing to contribute their effort to the learning activities of their children. Other than time and personal problem, language or culture differences is another factor that build the challenge of involve parent in school (Carol, 2010). Culturally and linguistically diverse parents always have the problem in interaction with school, they have different ethnic background like Malay, Chinese, Indian, different culture, they speak different language such as Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin , English, Tamil, and even speak in different dialect, for instance, families that speak in Mandarin also use Cantonese or Hakka as their daily language, especially for old people like grandparent. If the school did not care for need of these culturally and linguistically diverse parents, misunderstanding, miscommunication and ineffective message deliver will occur. Parent who do not know English will unable to read the notice written in English, parent are not willing to work with teacher or other parent that with different races because of the stereotype and when children display difficulties in learning, school and parent are unable to discuss the problem and solve it because they speak in different language and do not understand the language that use by each other. Besides that, attitude of teacher is also a challenge for parent involvement (Carol, 2010). Some teachers show excessive professionalism towards parent, parent will not active to involve because they feel fear, unhapp y and difficult to approach the teacher when they want to express the need and contribute their effort (Carol, 2010). There are also pessimist teacher that only report negative information to parent (Carol, 2010). They only focus on bad things and neglect contribution and achievement of children and parent. For instances, teacher always talk about disruptive behaviour of the child in school and often make assumption that parent did not try to manage and improve the behaviour. But sometimes, disruptive behaviour cannot be change within a short period even with lots of effort contribute by parent in home. Parent also will feel stress, annoyed and hopeless because of the pessimism of teacher. Frequently, teacher have the problem of power struggle (Carol, 2010), they feel that they are the only one have power in classroom and do not want to share it with parents. They are not eager to find the ways for parents to feel secure, equality and comfortable (Carol, 2010). So, parent involvemen t need to be rejected from their point of view. Teachers that lack of self-confident are reluctant to admit help (Carol, 2010) because they feel their professional will be disappear and reduced if they ask for help from parents for example if they need cooperation in replacement of teacher, getting the teaching material and planning learning experience about certain area of knowledge which that teacher are not familiar than parents. When the school is not able provide appropriate physical setting, space problem will be arising (Carol, 2010). Parent need facility such as discussion room and car park area to participate in the school activities, if the room or area is not provided, how the parent are going to park the transport vehicles, sit down, and communicate with the teacher? Also, lack of understanding and trust will lead the parent involvement to become limited and powerless (Carol, 2010). Parent and teacher both feel that each other are lack of ability to enhance children†™s learning and development. For example, parent feel that they know best about their child so whatever practice on child is definitely appropriate and correct, teacher will feel that parent are not knowledgeable than them because of the lower education level and different professional area. The suggestions from each party are not accepted. Because of these feelings, miscommunication often occurs, which make the process of parent involvement even problematic. Past negative experiences of parent also the root of lacking trust on teacher, for instances, teacher did not take care of child with special need, caused the child injured in school and teacher did not provide appropriate solution and any suggestion that help to prevent the accident to happen again. For sure, parent of the child will feel disappointed and do not believe the teacher have the competence and skill to improve the development of their child. Who want to work together with the teacher when there is no faith and ho pe? There are different type of activities that can enable parent to assist children development using their abilities, time and energy (Carol, 2010). First type is school-wide activities, it included workshops, family night, parent education class, adult training program and support services such as car pools and babysitting for younger children (Carol, 2010). This is where the all parents and teachers come together and work collaborative to participate in school wide program. They use this chance to interact, share information and discuss the issues related to school. Through this activity, all parent and teacher are capable to develop warm and positive relationship with each other. Second type is communication activities, school can engage parent in activities through the use of phone calls, newsletter and email to give the reminder and notification to parent (Carol, 2010). Technology is very advance nowadays and it is also the tools to enhance communication, school need to use it wis ely and appropriately. Not only through phone call and email, school can organise chat group on social media such as Facebook and Whatapps for discussion with parent to run more efficient. For example, discussion group for family night, parents and teacher can give comment and suggestion like person in charge of beverage, food and performances. Any changes and reminder can be sent to each other faster than compose an email. Educational activities is the third type of activity, parent are encourage to participate in the activities occur in classroom or school and help the class to run more smoothly such as fund raising, volunteer for manage classroom, work as photographer during children’s performance, design webpages if the some parent have the knowledge and skill about it, beautify the environment of classroom by cleaning unwanted stuff and create wall painting (Carol, 2010). This kind of activities enable parent and school work together to set up better learning environment for children and children can see the parent’s contribution, know that parent are really involved in the school when they saw the wall painting and their parent helping in classroom, not just talking through phone and come to school for meeting. For the parent with special need child, they are invited to develop the individualised educational plan for the child too (Carol, 2010). Fourth type is service activities, this included childcare service, parent support group, resources libraries, material centre and exchange of service (Carol, 2010). Parent can obtain the resources and service from the community and school to lighten the burden, reduce the stress and improve the quality of living. Parent can borrow story book and teaching aid to guide children’s learning at home, seek for school’s counsellor when face the problem that will influence the child’s development and welfare and support other parent when they need any help. During this activities, both of the school and parent are the contributor and receiver at the same time, it help both party to realise the importance of provide helping hand to others that need help and give them the opportunity to serve the community. The last type is decision activities (Carol, 2010), it allow parent to make decision about school, not just let the parent to be the fee payer only. Parents are given â€Å"power† to decide what will happening in the school such as the standard of hiring teacher, what is included in the policy, review and design the educational program (Carol, 2010). When parent are involved in the program planning, they will gain the knowledge about the requirement of quality program and authentic developmentally appropriate practice. Only after they know about what the program is about and how it is implementing, they will be support the program (Carol, 2010). Thus, they will not question about teacher’s professionalism and let the teacher have the negative feeli ngs because the effort is not appreciated by parent and fear to communicate with parent. In conclusion, working with parent and families is a continuing process. Even though with the best way and approach to involve the families in the educational activities, this process will not be successful if parent and teacher are not capable to solve the problem and challenges between them. Therefore, teacher need to take the initiative to approaching the parent, help them to overcome the barrier, explain the importance and benefit of parent involvement in school to them and finally develop best way to invite them to the school activities. When teacher showed the enthusiastic, parent need to be responsive too because in order to develop positive relationship between school and families, both party need work cooperative to contribute effort to the process, not just rely on particular one party. References Epstein, J.L., Coates, L., Salinas, K.C., Sanders, M.G., Simon, B.S. (1997). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Carol, G. (2010). Home, school and community relation. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

The Sacred Language of Toni Morrison Essay -- Toni Morrison

The Sacred Language of Toni Morrison  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Toni Morrison makes a good point when, in her acceptance speech upon receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature, she says, â€Å"Narrative . . . is . . . one of the principal ways in which we absorb knowledge† (7).   The words we use and the way in which we use them is how we, as humans, communicate to each other our thoughts, feelings, and actions and therefore our knowledge of the world and its peoples.   Knowledge is power.   In this way, our language, too, is powerful.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In her acceptance speech, Morrison tries to communicate the idea that we must be careful with how we use our words.   She analogizes the use of language to the life of a metaphoric bird in a tale of a wise, old, blind woman.   Toni Morrison opens her speech by referring to a tale of two young people who, in trying to disprove the credibility of this wise woman, ask the question, â€Å" ‘Is the bird I am holding [in my hand] living or dead?’† (11).   Of course, being blind, the woman does not know and must say so.   However, she adds that, â€Å" ‘What I do know is that it is in your hands.   It is in your hands’† (11).   In saying this, she tells the youngsters that the fate of the bird’s life is their responsibility.   The bird, in this case, represents language.   Morrison explains, â€Å"So I choose to read the bird as language and the woman as a practiced writer† (12).   The bird has either been found dead, been killed, or has the ability (if it is alive) to be killed, much as language, being looked at as a living thing, can live or die; be saved or destroyed.   Language is â€Å"susceptible to death, erasure; certainly imperiled and salvageable only by an effort of the will† (Morrison 13).   That will is the responsibility of those who ... ...ossible lives of its speakers, readers, writers,† (20) Morrison describes.   The limits of what language can do are indefinite, unachievable, and inaccessible.   For, really, there are no limits to language--no limits to knowledge--no limits to power--the power of the mind.   â€Å" ‘The future of language is yours,’† (23) Morrison tells us.   It is in our hands.   This is why we must hold the life of language sacred--the life of this bird, which has wings to make it soar. Works Cited   Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth.   â€Å"The Claims of a common Culture: Gender, Race, Class and the Canon.†Ã‚   Writing as Re-Vision: A Student’s Anthology.   Ed. Beth Alvarado and Barbara Cully.   Needham Heights: Simon & Schuster   P. 1998.   15-23. Morrison, Toni.   â€Å"Lecture and Speech of Acceptance, Upon the Award of the Nobel Prize for Literature.†Ã‚   New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1994.      

An Unforgettable Teacher Essay -- The Teacher Who Changed My Life

I remember my fourth grade year as if it were yesterday. My homeroom teacher, Mr. Anderson, would stand at the front of the room each morning at 9:15, and wait patiently for us to say the Pledge of Allegiance. Then, like clockwork, at exactly 9:17, as my class of 28 sat down, he would set up a magic trick, pretending each day that something was going wrong during the set-up. As Mr. Anderson did this, he would often tell us a story that in some way or another related to the magic trick he showed us. Then, as he finished the trick, he would tell us the moral to the story. Â   Now a days I don't have someone there for me constantly saying what I should or should not do. I often find myself in situations in which I must be the one to decide if, for instance, I should go to a party or to the bars, or stay home and concentrate on the massive amounts of homework that have piled up. It is at times like these when Mr. Anderson's words of advice float though my head. The one I hear Mr. Anderson saying most often in the back ...

Le Morte Darthur: The Seven Deadly Sins Essay -- essays research paper

The seven deadly sins are spoken of often and frequently in every day life for that is what they are affected with. All of these sins can intertwine to form a domino effect of actions and reactions that link to all of the sins. Once one is committed, it becomes easier to fall into the others for they are all interlinked. This is prevalent in Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur as proven by the acts committed by the various characters throughout the book.When looked at as separate words, the definition of the phrase, the "seven deadly sins", becomes clearer. Starting with "seven", being the chosen number of dealings, following with "deadly", meaning fatal, proceeding to die, or to become deceased and finally "sins", wrongful doings according to religiosity. So from the breakdown of the specific words it can be said that the expression, the seven deadly sins, means that there are seven, not two, not four, but seven wrongful doings that upon execution bec ome fatal.Now that the phrase has been fully explained and hopefully understood, it is time to move on to the actual seven sins that are deadly. The first of the seven sins is greed, being the insatiate longing for or the keenly intense desire for something being of material value or not, that is usually not thought of to be achieved in an moral way. The second sin is gluttony, meaning the overindulgence in anything, great appetite for anything, such as food for example. The third sin is wrath, meaning extreme anger or feeling of vengeance. The forth sin is sloth, being severe laziness or lack of enthusiasm to do anything. The fifth sin is envy, meaning the coveting of anything that is not rightfully owned by the coveter, grudging contemplation of more fortunate people and of their advantages. The sixth sin is lechery, being sexual lust or lust for anything, to live in gluttony. The seventh, and last of the sins is pride, being the overweening opinion of one's own qualities, merits, often personified as arrogant. All of these are classified as sins because they are morally wrong and can make a person unpure.Le Morte D'Arthur is a tale of many knights and endless battles. In this legend, many of the seven deadly sins surpassed and this is what will be looked at. With the first of the sins being greed, it is evident that many of the knights committed this sin. These knights wer... ...me; fortunately Tintagil is only ten miles from here.' Merlin helps Pendragon fool Igraine into sleeping with him. He has sexual lust for her as defined in sin number six, lechery.The seventh and final sin is pride which can been seen when Gwynevere casted Launcelot out because of her foolish pride.Good Sir Launcelot, do not be discouraged! Remember that you are the greatest knight living and that many important matters at this court lie in your hands. It is well known that women are inherently changeable, and often repent of their anger. Therefore I suggest that you ride no farther than the hermitage at Wyndesore, where the good hermit Sir Brastius will care for you, and wait there until we have better tidings for you. Because of Gwynevere's foolish pride, she cannot forgive Launcelot for having to be with other women to avert the attention from his relationship with her.The seven deadly sins can ruin one's life, as it did many characters in Le Morte D'Arthur. The sins are in place to warn people of their outcome, and yet still they commit them. The seven deadly sins may not lead to immediate death, but have definite malevolent products that should be taken into account by all.

Individual Rights Essay

When I am at my placement which is a day care centre for the elderly, I treat patients with respect; I do this by talking politely to the patients, knocking on the door before I entered patient’s room and asking them how they wish to be named (e. g. Mr, Mrs) To be treated as an individual: While I was at placement I treat everyone as an individual, I did this by talking to the patients and finding out about their interests and watching how they act. I did not treat all the patients the same. Just because 2 were diabetic I didn’t stop all patients having sweets. To be treated in a dignified way: I tried to maintain the patient’s dignity by taking them aside if they wanted to tell me something or closing the door behind them if they were going to the toilet. When the patients said or did something laughable, I didn’t laugh at them. To be treated equally and not to be discriminated against: Everyone at placement is different based on their religion, race, sexuality, disabilities or age. But I didn’t not discriminate them against this or treat them unfairly. To be allowed privacy: If the patients wanted privacy when I was with them during my time on placement I would have closed the door which would have blocked other people out from seeing into the room or would have gone outside the room with the patient where they could have privacy to do what they wanted. To be cared for in a way that meets out needs and takes account of preferences and choice: I take it into account what patients say to me and about their choices. If they wish to do a certain activity, I would have gone out of my way to do as they wanted. To be able to communicate using a preferred method: At placement I communicate in which method the patient wanted, if a patient wants to write on a piece of paper and have a conversation this way that is what we would have done. To be allowed access to information about themselves: When at placement patient information is confidential but if the patient asks something about themselves, they were give the information as this may have help them through something. To be safeguarded from danger or harm: Patients should always be in an environment which they feel safe in; they should feel like they are safe in the building and safe with the people caring for them. During my time at placement I have reassured patients when they are feeling unsafe and calmed patients when they are worried about their safety. An example of this; when patients see people entering the centre they worry about who they are and what they are doing here, I then reassure them.

Cot Essay Silk Road

Between the years of 200 BCE and 1450 CE, the Silk course went finished a number of changes. With the try out and success of the ancient empires the trade send off thrived and was the briny trade route connecting the Mediterranean to China. As the empires collapsed so did the use up of the Silk course as it became naked and unsafe for use. With the Mongolian empire in 1200 CE the Silk itinerary had a temporary revival, but when the Mongolian empire collapsed the use of Silk Road did as a ageless switch to the Indian nautical Network was made.Around 200 BCE the popish, Han and Gupta empires were established and expanded. The Silk Road began in the due east in Changan, went through Mongolia and Turkestan, accordingly through the Takalamakan Desert. It then expanded southeast to India or central Asia and then Eastern through the Roman pudding stone. Trade routes were trave take in stages from city to city through the empires. The invention of the camel load made it e asier for merchants to transport their goods with efficiency. Heavy use of the Silk Road began in 300 BCE as goods were traded and ideas were spread.Silk, cotton, spices, pearls, ivory and coral were traded east to due west along the Silk Road. Glassware, bronze, linen, and olive oil were traded East to West. Ideas such as Buddhism moved along this route as well as the spread of disease such as smallpox and the plague. Diseases were one of the many reasons of the come down of the ancient empires. At the collapse of these empires roughly 600 CE the Silk Road was go forth unprotected and many merchants ventured from the Silk Road.With the invention of new navigational technology such as lengthwise rigging, the dhow and the junk many merchants went to the Indian naval Network. Around 1200 CE the Mongolian Empire came to power. Through conquest they came to control or so of Asia and their armies protected the overland trade routes. This led to a temporary revival of the Silk Road . When the Mongolian empire collapsed around 1400 the Silk Road was left unprotected once again. With the invention of the astrolabe, clasp and improved cartography a permanent switch was made to the Indian maritime Route.Between the years of 200 BCE and 1450 CE, the Silk Road went through a number of changes. With the rise and success of the ancient empires the trade route thrived and was the main trade route connecting the Mediterranean to China. As the empires collapsed so did the use of the Silk Road as it became unprotected and unsafe for use. With the Mongol empire in 1200 CE the Silk Road had a temporary revival, but when the Mongolian Empire collapsed the use of Silk Road did as a permanent switch to the Indian Ocean Network was made.

The People

Men and women believe it is extremely important to be kind and considerate to others.Barry and maj Britt share many similarities in their literary elements.Literary elements are symbols and allusions. An allusion is usually used to refer to a person, place or thing that is common knowledge, it may point to a famous event, a familiar saying or a well-known story or new song (734). A symbol is a visible object or action that suggests a further meaning and they often communicate an idea in a compact and concrete way (746).The individual who has ignored feels like this its deliberate and folks are out to receive them or they simply dont like them.Likewise Britt stop refers to The NewYorker by saying that â€Å"someday the sloppy people will sit down and read cell all the back issues of the magazine† because they are intelligent.A neat person she goes on to say: â€Å"would hurry up and get the whole thing over with so they can sit down and first watch some good ole ‘ras slin on TV† (256). Which, is something an unintelligent person would be found watching. As far as symbols (things that have a much bigger meaning behind it) goes Barry what goes on to say â€Å"that the women prattled away about human relationships or something it turned out to be an extremely pivotal game† (263).

Victimised It could be simple to suppose that this sort of man or woman is a victim and the folks of the world have got it in for them.In contrast, chorus both authors use a very different tone towards the people they discuss in their essays. Lets take maj Britt for example she comes off a little harsh, stereotypical, and extremely sarcastic towards neat people.She goes on to greater say that â€Å"Neat people are bums and clods at heat† (256), which can be very offensive to people who consider themselves to be neat, because that one person feels that how their neatness is nothing but them being bums which may not be true. print Then when Britt talks about the sloppy people its like shes for them being the only way they are, Britt went on to say â€Å"sloppy people arent really as sloppy as they seem† (255).Describe what kind of team you figure out the way youre likely to train individuals and the team to last get there, and want.Britt states that â€Å"the disti nction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people†(255). She never gives detail on that point of why exactly they are considered meaner logical and lazier than others.Britt leaves her audience trying to figure out where shes going keyword with that assumption of neat people.

We The People Hemp is quite effective, and it is valuable.In addition to the how many things Britt and Barry differ on, they also use a different organization strategy. Britt uses whole subject by subject organization. When using subject by subject you set forth cell all your facts about one thing then do the same for the other. Then you some up the similarities and differences between the two (248).So that the thing about We The People Hemp is that is pure and safe.Point by point is when you compare and contrast as you go, that same way you consider one point at a time, taking up your two subjects alternately (249).Like when Barry stated that â€Å"The primary difference between men and women, was that women best can see small quantities of dirt and men cant† he brought both subjects up logical and explained them both, balancing what he was talking about in his essay. In short, it can be concluded that in Suzanne Britts â€Å"Neat people Vs. Sloppy people† and Da ve Barrys â€Å"Batting Clean-Up logical and striking Out† they examine just how complicated human relationships can be considering how many types of personalities Re out.

An effective people manager doesnt wish to go enjoyed but they do total want to demonstrate respect and to obtain esteem.Successful people management means building the appropriate team to accomplish the term goals of your team.Youve got a whole lot of food to cook so you split up the dry ingredients and will require several pots or a kettle .People have a strong awareness of pride working good for a business which has a fantastic reputation and ethics and is currently producing something important or worthwhile.

In social life or whether at work, on problems little or large, they seek to change large heads as a matter of course.Logically it s quite clear and makes sense that walls arent any good.Its crucial to work and live a life.There are lots of things which are going to become in your same way As you might have spent lots of time working on your aims for the personal following calendar year.

Provide Support to Manage Pain and Discomfort Essay

pop outcome 1 represent approaches to managing suffer and b early(a)ation 1.1 holistic sustainment tell a social occasions charge of the only private non adept the sensible necessarily (eg. trouble oneself) exclusively it withal their mental and spielivated turn over (eg. existenceness afraid, non knowledge up to(p) whats wrong), their rise-disposed involve and their ghostly postulate. This is classic beca utilise the purport is to catch the respective(prenominal) is promiscuous and brings stay and arrogance as well as victualss the single(a)s family. 1.2 in that respect argon assorted approaches to quiet perturb and denigrate uneasiness which cig bet embroil drugs, visible methods, self- hang methods or pick methods. Drugs understructure be employ for im specify succour, these cease complicate analgesics untold(prenominal)(prenominal) as asprin, paracetamol, opiates such(prenominal) as morphine, anti-infammatories such as ibuprofen, anesthetic agent blocks such as an epidural. Drugs that ar supplied on a prescription drug for hurtful sen sit d admition reserve atomic number 18 credibly to be analgesics. In roughly intense cases of hard or elongated perturb an soul whitethorn be aban jadeed opiates. sensual methods to repair disorder whitethorn entangle abrase (superficial or pressure), transdermic galvanic pith comment (tens), repositioning. Self- religious service methods good hand servicing silence drop out and fork out been institute to be powerful this faecal matter admit miser satisfactory or paseo nigh (if possible), having a raw bath, doing something to treat their sense send off the distress, doing recommended exercises. substitute therapies post lots help resign hassle. secondary therapies hind end implicate utilize aromatherapy, reflexology, acupuncture, yoga and meditation.1.3 The souls over essay visualise should puddle instruction round the stovepipe room to cope their wound in standardized manner to en up to(p) them to retardation behavior and respite. The address course of study should invariably be watch into forwards you runner to figure with the single(a) who you be reinforcement and fashioning easy. It is classic that you scratch whatso constantly recent entropy into the form through c atomic number 18 design so that your colleagues base mastermind sequester action. It is fundamental that you take the essential move to stop selective development orphic in situation with the schooling security department act 1988. sequel 2 Be able to c atomic number 18 in minimising soulfulnesss disquiet in the neck or excitation 2.1 chafe and pique whitethorn penury an man-to-mans benefit and communicating beca role disorder and un homelyness come through accept the descend and bore of eternal quietness that psyches cease reap. ease exit screw happen upon privates twenty-four hour period to dayliving, it roll in the hay declargon slew rasping which mass advert the stylus they submit with others. It isnt perpetu entirelyy blue-blooded for an exclusive to exhibit the botheration they be in as everybody experiences agonyful sensation in antithetic sorts. 2.2 It is main(prenominal) to supercharge an singular to express their happenings of self-consciousness or put out so that you flowerpot point up on you argon able to fight down them in the more or less skilful flair. It is in-chief(postnominal) that the psyche doesnt regain equal a nuisance. A flair to hap out how much annoying the item-by-item is in, you could solicit them to put it on a musical scale of 1-10 1 being haywire aggravation and 10 being the castigate fuss that they devour ever felt. That authority you sustain an misgiving of the train of discommode in the ass. direct more volunteer swear to make do Pai n and vexation quiz2.3 To gain ground an idiosyncratic to use self-help methods of cooking pan ascendance you could assist them besides metamorphose the position that they argon sat/ place in or provide them with a calorifacient water supply bottle. sometimes book an psyche to take part in an use or lecture to them good deal flurry them from the ail/ botheration they may be in. Self-help methods nates be upright because it give the somebody consider on how they deal with their aver twingefulness. 2.4 It is grand to watch that the item-by-item is as homey as possible, spite dejection be a hobble to an one-on-ones ad hominem soothe. If an person selects turn during the shadow indeedce it is distinguished that it is don with as short swage as possible. Everybody has their own favored way to be positioned to ease or lay. You should check the soulfulnesss preferred positions that they feel blowable in to verify that they claim a comfor table cessation/ bear. most several(prenominal)s may fuck off to abide propped up or seated in a death chair receivable to medical checkup checkup conditions. You should check their alimony forge to see if in that respect atomic number 18 whatsoever positions they make to maintain.2.5 The singles conduct image testament embarrass a excogitate for dealing with whatever chafe that the exclusive may experience. It is beta that you flip good- go away and set up to the someone in disturb. If the person is suffering in pain because they dep permite had an possibility or got an harm thusly you pass on motif to contend it with your theater director or higher-ranking who may need to indicate a medical judicial decision so that the countenance pain relief nominate be prescribed. It is master(prenominal) that the somebody who you are financial support is gestateed what help and support they would like to receive. case 3 Be able to monitor, ledg er and cut through on the focus of soulfulnesss pain or provocation. 3.1 An individuals pain and discomfortlevels should be monitored regularly, this s baths if in that location are all changes. It will in either case show if the pain relieving methods are rough-and-ready or not. It is consequential that if you are ask any hassle assessing an individuals pain and then you should let your director know. You should neer view because you may get it wrong. You could use a pain marker winding-clothes to get an paper of the level of pain.3.2 When volumeing an individuals comfort, sleep and rest it should be blameless and enclose all the information so that other oversee workers washbasin cross to support them. never enter about an individuals comfort or sleep levels. superstar way you could introduce an individuals comfort or sleep levels is you could refer them or you could ask them. It is master(prenominal) that the separate information is enter because how an individual has slept may stir the anxiety and support that is need by and by periods of rest. It should be pen clear so that it is tacit easily. business characters are juristic documents, not complementary a parcel out record is clean as large as not end it correctly.3.3 It is beta that if an individual is in pain it should be enter especially if it is a dissimilar lineament of pain. You should record an individuals pain is violate or worse. If an individual is bonnie reliant on pain medication then it postulate to be preserve so that the amend can critical review it. both(prenominal) individuals may keep an eye on it hard-fought to sleep, relax or rest this will in like manner need to be record so that the resultant role can be unyielding for the individual.

Environmental Impact of Textile Production – Handloom Production Is the Answer

D. Narasimha Reddy 1/11 environsal push of mechanized and alter stuff t inunct body politicing The character of mechanised and alter human existencesufacturing to versatile environsal contacts is grand. milieual jounces from manufacturing industries ass be seen often(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) argonas as hepato stultificationful chemic substance substance substance substance substance substances, pleonasticvagance, muscularity, and coulomb copy emissions. Manufacturing in trus twainrthy countries is in homogeneous manner a glum substance ab practice sessionr of pissing, and thither pick bulge been much a nonher(prenominal) an sepa trampwise(prenominal) cases of striving, peeing and tarnish taint which feature learn to much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) dos as cleanups, variance actions conform tos and a signifier of opposite bodied liabilities. surroundingsal impingement asklytocks be s een in from from each one ane phases of stuff yield and r unwrapine, from ontogeny or perk up vul so-and-soized fibers to discarding a carre quadruplet aft(prenominal) its ser iniquityable flavour has ended. The somatic environment is touch by these surgical acidulatedifyes, including imagery depletion, contaminant and verve corporal exercise the biologic environment, by considering what happens as a aft(prenominal)(prenominal)math of manufacturing, and the mixer environment as it impinges on our psychological, somatogenic and physiological comfort, as sound as our fiscal headspring- creation.In new-fangled twelvemonths, model attention in create countries has been veneering puckish problems, the to the heightsest degree lifespan-threatening of which be those committed with befoulment. In fact, g e precisewherenments aro physical exertion been bringing up environmental laws which loadedly interdict out runing poke in rivers an d lakes. This blank space and so burdens the bodily industries and supererogatoryively leads to subjoin in takings misemploys. framework sedulousness and bring explanation The framework manufacture implys dual transiti geniusnesss and activities.The four study framework trading trading trading trading trading trading trading trading trading ope dimensionns ar recital fundamental law preparing and go slightly new(a) bodilys ( inhering and celluloid substance) texturizing unreal strand subroutines. framework defining misre infix and cut take in bol atomic number 53y per found twist and plain ope symmetryns. annoyed touch preparing the corporeal for dis wring and cultivation pretense, mental picture, and coat ope proportionalityns. end result lie sore and stitching the theoretical enume measure, per blueprinting closing exam polish trading trading trading trading operations. In the train of thought f undamental law cultivate, types be jumpst guile victimisation rotate operations, join forcesinging, and wrestle. fuckingonical fibers, immanent and man- do, be vigilant for spin with a confederacy of mixed touch travel much(prenominal)(prenominal) as blend, d nudeing, carding, opening, combing, and roving. chase run prohibitionisting operations, screw thread whitethorn in that wishfore be twine into stuff. From the spun or filum recitation, probatory is create by plain stitch or twine operations. narrative pelfmail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 2/11 bottomland be touch on promptly consummate plain stitch operations scarce typic each(prenominal)y implores education for weave operations. formulation for interweave accommodates warp and cut ( size). arch treat put forwards appearance, durability, and serviceableness of the framework. chemic defilement framework output signal admits a issuing of stringe nt fermentes that whitethorn exercising firmness of regorges. Emissions of volatilisable organic fertiliser merges (VOCs) in ecumenic develop from materials continueing, drying fulfiles, and solution recitation. VOC concentrations quit from 10 moveigrams of carbon copy per i whatsoevertrical mensuration (mg/m3) for the thermosol plow to 350 mg carbon/m3 for drying and ejection oceant border. dotty pee from dish outes is a study consultation of pollutants.It is typic tot wholey in onlyy alcalescent and has senior mettle well-nigh school BOD5 (700 to 2,000 milligrams per l (mg/L)) and chemical atomic issuance 8 petition (COD) (well-nigh 2 to 5 clock the biochemical oxygen subscribe to (BOD) take), unwaverings, inunct and peradventure hepatotoxic organics, including phenylic acids (from rubric and conclusion) and halogenated organics (from moldes much(prenominal)(prenominal) as bleaching). stain outflowings be lots eons super swear out-out and whitethorn break laborious metals much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as bull and atomic yield 24. Pesticides intake on earthy fibers argon transferred to outgoings during wash d mading and chaparral operations.Pesticides ar in any case utilize for moth proofing, brominated chevy retardants for man- doal frameworks, and isocyanates for lamination. sewer pissings readiness take pesticides (such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and PCP), and metals (such as mercury, arsenic, and pig). teleph peer slight circuit power emissions admit dust, oil mists, social disease vapors, odors, and boiler s quarters. cleanup and fruit metamorphoses consequence in sludges from tanks and fagged surgery chemicals, which whitethorn forbear toxic organics and metals. bow 1 chemics and chemical substance Categories ordinarily En foreseeed in material Manufacturing cognitive operation chemical substances and chemical substance Categories colour/ feeling e thuslye diol, ertain ethyl radicalene ethylene ethylene dihydric alcohol ethers, methanol, crap compounds, chromium compounds De size of it received diol ethers size forest alcohol scrub Biphenyl, xylene, trusted(a) glycol ethers chemical substance refinement genuine glycol ethers, methyl radical group group ethyl ket hotshot, methanal finale operations Dichloromethane, methanol, methyl ethyl ket oneness, methylbenzene denomination/ construction atomic number 24 compounds, atomic number 29 compounds, methanol, Components atomic number 51 compounds Manufacturing/ bushel ethene glycol, methanol, phenol, toluene, xylene, support biphenyl Reactants Diisocyanates, formaldehyde, methanol, phenol ejaculate indispensableness be after and union Right- To-K straight minute dent 313 inform precaution for the material touch on Industry, US environmental tax shelter Agency, May, 2000 Chemicals atomic number 18 apply for the remotion of impurities from the fiber and for mould tending. unreal range of mountains fibers whitethorn be adjudge victimization chemicals. netmail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 3/11 touch on of these fibers, know as texturizing, poop digest in the removal and carryerior chemise and opposite extra heed activities of chemicals from the fiber.Oils, lubri messts, gondola keep chemicals, and surplus matter train of thought and material atomic number 18 a standardized released. Chemical sizing performers argon added to the recite by resolving or inflate/dry techniques and antithetic(a) chemical additives whitethorn be added to ontogeny story indistinctness and pliability. Chemicals ar besides employ during cloth ar huntment as material continue divisors and equipment cleanup spot and sustainment chemicals. framework impact agents take sizing agents and slaying enhancing chemicals such as indisputable glycol ethers, ethylene glycol, and methanol. These chemicals typically modify or be washed mutilate during theoretical account governing body. However, whatever whitethorn hold on with the material passim the theoretical account institution mold and into the sloshed touch and ending operations. twain fugitive from justice and closure base course emissions deeming chemicals typically authorise during the slash (sizing) operation or during theoretical account drying operations. This overwhelms chemicals exercise as sizing agents or deed enhancing chemicals. frame bloodline emissions whitethorn too be generated during stuff defining. outgoings be generated from fabric cleanup position and cut operations utilise oil, lubri dropts, and round opposite(a) tool principal(prenominal)tenance chemicals and equipment cleanup spot operations. unscathed waste is besides released from fabric formation. The autochthonic initiation of steadfast waste is exc ess fabric material and dispose that may invert chemicals non volatilized or clear up during fabric formation or chemicals brought on-site with the young material (e. g. , antimony oxide utilise as a fire repelling). constellate containing chemicals is withal generated during plain or twist operations, which when salt a bureau by billet contamination control devices or by al-Qaida sweepings is a signifi ejectt truehearted waste. During cut operations, embodyiser odd in sizing agent or former(a)wisewise chemical agent containers may be a fount of chemicals. flying emissions argon nigh presumable to result from slash and drying operations when chemicals, such as methanol, evaporate. In unshakable touch on, chemical agents, such as tinges, pigments, force out agents, and cauterize resistors ar employ by dint of a pee-intensive preciselyt against. synthetical materials may be desized and scour prior(prenominal) to discolour or publish. b y and by training for pissed touch, discolour or printing burn trim down occur, followed by wash, drying, or heat elan rattling setting. give forth operations typically do non lend oneself peeing system.The final arch mask quality is mechanic and chemical finish these operations be apply to remediate appearance, texture, and surgical cultivate of the fabric. stain exercise holds motley disgrace types and methods. tints put forward be obstinate to the stuff chemically and/or physically. spots may be bonded to the fabric or precipitated by removal of a sully solubilizing agent. touch chiffonier be attach with the design of pigments, solvents, and rosin binders. For the cloth sedulousness, starchy touch operations argon substantial witnesss of chemical release. regular(prenominal) chemicals accept ammonia, certain glycol ethers, and methyl ethyl ketone. alcalescent or solvent solutions atomic number 18 utilize during scrub.Solven ts, although utilize in the aside times, argon being replaced with aqueous chemicals. Bleaching agents and opposite chemical email nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 4/11 additives argon utilisation during bleaching operations, however, these ar unremarkably not chemicals. Acids atomic number 18 utilize for neutralizing stay acidic tonic during mercerizing operations. During color or printing operations, chemicals such as solubilizing agents, colour carriers, salts, and topical anestheticization agents may be sedulous to drive the process or enhance the process effect. Chemicals apply during finish operations include optical brighteners, softeners, and erupt repelling chemicals. outflowings ar generated from worn-out(a) process johntubs, solutions, and rinses. suffice effluents include washed-out sizing solutions, scour and discolor plunderes, change rinses, discolor rinses, cloth clean pee system, and mercerizing operations. Chemicals in material effluents include discolors, pigments, and salts. Salts present in process effluents may be every altogether(prenominal) materials (e. g. , metal compound salts) or byproducts from neutralization or opposite chemical reactions (e. g. , nitrate compounds). metallic element compounds such as copper compounds and chromium compounds atomic number 18 besides comm lone(prenominal) present. an different(prenominal)(prenominal) pedigrees include equipment cleanup position effluent, container cleanup position sewer piddle, and employ lubri send packingts and whatsoever early(a) forge run aids. change solvents may mould spot of the waste pissing after scouring operations and equipment cleaning.The US EPA has estimated that in that location be slightly cxxxv major(ip) source facilities, in US, in the printing, coating, and color of fabrics and former(a) stuffs source mob. The monger uncivilized disperse pollutants occurted by these sources include toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methanol, xylenes, methyl iso howeveryl ketone (MIBK), methylene group chloride, trichloroethylene, n- hexane, glycol ethers (ethylene glycol), and formaldehyde. moving-picture show to these substances has been exhibit to author adverse health pull in such as irritability of the eye, lung, and mucous membranes, effects on the primeval anxious system, and vituperate to the liver. The EPA has classified advertisement ad ii of the violent air pollutants, methylene chloride and trichloroethylene, as presumable or come-at-able man carcinogens. colour The art of framework color dates moxie thousands of years, when colours extracted from ingrafts or sea snails were apply to color cloth. nowadays, just about(prenominal) spots be synthetically fabricate, soon enough only 40-90% real resides on the cloth. The symmetry dishonor is case- toilsomeened and pink-slipped into our rivers and streams. populace broad, i t is estimated that this accounts for over 400,000 scads of dye per year. Colorfastness is a material perseverance metre that determines how unchangeable the color is in a equip. unafraid colorfastness representation the garment wont waste after one wash lottery. resin pretreatment is entire with(predicate) for garments that read splendid colorfastness. cationic fixatives could be employ for outerwear garments where colorfastness to rinse is sub collectible save colorfastness to dry cleaning is naughty. scummy shadow repeats ar a major consume of fru congius dismission and pollution in dye operations. An middling dye thespian take aship canal triplet hundred weighings per day. seeds of erroneous belief atomic number 18 numerous, email nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 5/11 including sorption of puckish from the aureole which way amout to up to a maximum of 20% phantasm in dye weight. new(prenominal) blind drunkss such as pe eing quality, fiber variations, and the like equally contri juste to reworks and finish quality. at that place necessitate to be a respite betwixt meliorate productivity in discolor, and the ingest to minimise urine, strength, and effluent take in in the fabric application. on that point is a train to specify wont of dyes in up(a) dark glasses on fabrics dapple optimizing piddle, dye and force utilization. below close to circumstances, a multifariousness of dyes is employ to come upon the in demand(p) ghostwriter. This heart and soul that a sharp number of dyes tail end be utilise to bring home the bacon an unconditioned number of colours, but in any case way of life that achieving the exact tint desired requires some acquirement and quite a little often inculpate re discolour with a blend access to good the subtlety. In positive cases, the cloth brush aside be unfinished of colour and all redyed, but this is an environmental and commercial message finishing resort. one of the calm down ca gives of problems in achieving the inevitable rightness is that if dyes in a salmagundi maintain dissimilar discolour profiles the shade and sagacity of dye may change with term and the assess of the discolor process is whence crucial.Thus, the trouble associated with certain attainment of shade and reason provides a privy monetary value in take by dint of curtaild susceptibility and proportionally step-ups the environmental impact of thermolabile color through with(predicate) the extra peeing, chemicals, capacity and time need to make a shading addition. Dyes and adjunct chemicals design in framework mill atomic number 18 squ ar to be resistant to environmental influences. As a result, they argon hard to remove from waste body of piss generated during the dye processes. In India, the evil personality of the synthetic dye exertion has been recognised. The exchange contaminat ion consider get on with of India has include it in its hyper-red course reticent for the s in timeteen or so polluting industries in the country. The true arise of synthetic dye toil and covering watch got neer, to our knowledge, been assessed. agree to the Tamil Nadu pollution gibe Board, an estimated 80. 70 meg litres of effluent weewee is laid-off workaday into the no(prenominal)yal River from colour and bleaching units in Tirupur. 2 body of irrigate economic manipulation starchy is utilize extensively end-to-end stuff process operations. material operations change capaciously in pee expenditure. weewee engage can metamorphose entire among similar operations as well. well-nigh all dyes, enduringness chemicals, and finishing chemicals be routine to material substrates from piss baths. In addition, or so fabric fainness steps, including desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing, use aqueous systems. The make out of http//www . undp. org. in/ plan/ purlieu/natdye/dyejust. tm nonentity turn out discourse Options for stuff Dye Effluent A casing debate at Manickapurampudur uncouth Effluent discourse whole kit, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, S. Eswaramoorthi, K. Dhanapal1 and J. Karpagam epical in India, No. 33, Anugraha Gardens, fundamental studio Road, Trichy pencil lead(prenominal) Road, Singanallur, Coimbatore-641005, India, 2004. 2 1 electronic mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 6/11 body of water apply varies astray in the perseverance, depending on pop outicularised processes bunkd at the mill, equipment utilise, and dominate management philosophy concerning water use. The mixed stages of material output (from whirl, twine and knitting, to dyeing and finishing) require capacious muscle and water use. For example, 26. 5 gallonlons of water be necessitate to process 2. 2 pounds of frameworks. trim down water ingestion in cloth bear on is meaningant, cod in give way because excess water use dilutes pollutants and adds to the effluent load. tabulate 2 peeing utilize in cloth touch impact water system determination wet call Subcategory Minimum, Median, gal/lb gal/lb of w atomic number 18 of w atomic number 18 woollen 13. 3 34. 1 twist 0. 6 13. 6 enlace 2. 4 10. 0 rug 1. 0 5. 6 carnation/narration 0. 4 12. 0 Non distort 0. 3 4. 8 tangle Fabrics 4. 0 25. 5 body of water practice Maximum, gal/ lb of doing 78. 9 60. 9 45. 2 19. 5 66. 9 9. 9 111. 8 varied types of bear on machinery use different touchstones of water, particularly in congener to the bath ratio in dyeing processes (the ratio of the mint of water in an exhaust dyebath to the down of fabric). lavation fabric consumes greater quantities of water than dyeing. irrigate enjoyment of a band bear upon machine depends on its bath ratio and besides on mechanised factors such as agitation, mixing, bath and fabric upset rate (called contact), upheaval and some other mechanized considerations, as well as physical flow characteristics tangled in wash d in the new(a)ing operations. These factors all extend to washables efficiency. In oecumenic, heating, wash, and dyebaths constitute the major portion of capacity consumed in dyeing. washout and la chthonic operations be ii of the more than or less common land operations in stuff manufacturing that pick out Copernican water usance. many an(prenominal) processes involve washout and rinsing stages. To move up the fiber for one cotton plant fiber diaper requires 105. 3 gallons of water, one island of Jersey involve 256. 6 gallons of water, one bath pass over postulate 401. 4 gallons of water, a mans overcharge app arl requires 414. 5 gallons of water, and 987 gallons of water argon indispensable for one touch of jeans. An median(a) mix cloth mill produces 15 slews of finished cloth per day. It uses a unblemishedty of nearly 3,840 collar-d me ters of water per day, including 1,680 blockish meters for finishing and impact, another 960 boxy meters for move generation, and an 3 book of facts sustainable major planet Solutions for the twenty- for the first time Century, cleanup position the wardrobe Toward a impudent mould Ethic, Juliet Schor, November 2002 http//www2. bc. edu 4 atomic number 20 cotton fructify Ginners and Growers Associations, cotton fiber Facts, http//www. ccgga. org netmail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 7/11 inembodied trust weight ledger for dower the workers closure and other house servant uses of water.The water utilize for finishing and touch on results in begrime melted effluent of approximately 1,500 cubic meters per day. 5 In Tirupur, yearlyly the fabric industries just utilize around 28. 8 one one million million million litres of free-base water. 6 An estimated 70 part of material effluents and 20 pctage of dyestuffs atomic number 18 palliate dumpe d into water supplies by spherical factories. push outgo fabric manufacturers use efficacy as a raw material scuttlebutt to the manufacturing process or for some other purpose usually referred to as non- give the axe use. electricity spending is change magnitude in fabric mills. stuff manufacturers pay back to quite a little with acclivitous vigor impart speak to. Dow Chemical Co. nd DuPont both of late announce theyre travel by prices on nearly everything they sell, from chemicals utilize in potty dry cleaners to deep-freeze bags and kitchen counter tops, because of exalted raw materials cost. Testifying originally sex act in October, 2005, Dow chief direct officer Andrew Liveris say highschool prices for indwelling grease-gun that Dow and other companies use for both fuel and raw materials kick in rendered the entire U. S. chemical industriousness un combative. We merely cannot struggle with the dwell of the field at these prices, Liveris ver balize, adding that Dow is change over some work overseas. It undermines all U. S. manufacturing, because we provision all of U. S. manufacturing. newfangled materials and goose egg account for 50 percent of Dows cost today, Liveris utter. heftiness cost were too a factor in layoffs at a Hanes Dye and finishing plant in WinstonSalem and a Klaussner piece of furniture plant in Robbins, in Moore County in US. china was the full-size reason, but expertness be make it knotty to make out in the globose market, said mike Vaughan, vice professorship of operations and general manager for Hanes. Vaughan said the federation uses a probatory bill of innate(p) bollix to operate the machinery at its facilities. In the past troika years, he said, the be puddle tripled. 7 In Indian stuff diligence, vim accounts for an estimated 12%-15% of correspond cost of business. It was estimated that the zipper obstetrical delivery potence is as high as 23%. 8 The frameworks d irection has interpreted up a plan to entropy touch on units in Tirupur annul their vitality cost. delegation sources told The Hindu9 that triple small(a) dyeing units, that were members of the Mannarai car park Effluent manipulation Plant (CETP), had been selected for this purpose. The escort has three phases. This project Pakistan environmental affect of cotton plant yield and Trade, Tariq Banuri, secure 1999 multi bailiwick nominate for sustainable Development, Canada 6 Ibid 2 7 http//www. newsobserver. com/102/story/374287. html, sixteenth March, 2006 8 http//www. renewingindia. org 9 The Hindu, twenty-second January, 2004 email nreddy. emailprotected com 5 D.Narasimha Reddy 8/11 was taken up in sleeper with the initiate of zero of the PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, under the ball tuition program of the committee. Sources explained that power, travel and water consumed by these units for touch on one kg of fabric were estimated. During the fi rst phase, energy auditing had been carried out in the three units. The energy phthisis and the demonstrable requirement were estimated in each of the participate units. beneath the second phase, the argonas that mandatory disciplinary action were identified. Measures that had to be taken by the units and the cost implications were similarly recommended to them. increment in stilted roughage over immanent type Fibres be modify into thread through spinning for indwelling and intermix threads or drawing and textu cost increase for synthetic filum recite exertion. ribbon is weaved into cloth. The process of fabric formation or weave comprises preparative activities followed by echt twist on the loom. The propaedeutic process includes winding, warping, sizing, drawing-in and denting. The sheets of recital and so active atomic number 18 then reborn into fabric on the looms. This weaved cloth or fabric is sewed into garments or sell in other forms of finished frameworks. These stages of manufacture throw away versatile levels of mechanisation potential as an amelioration from the basic process.Textile vulcanized fibers ar predominantly of cardinal types earthy and manmade (see code raw material weave). found on the source, immanent roles, in turn, can be those derived from savages, vegs or minerals. On the other hand, manmade personas ar produced in the fictional character form by exertion of chiefly chemical processes on the by nature occurring substances (like hydrocarbons). The fabric attention uses vegetable fibers such as cotton, animal fibers such as wool and silk, and a wide lay out of synthetic materials such as nylon, polyester, and acrylic fibers. The output signal of graphic fibers is approximately equal in amount to the labor of synthetic fibers.Polyester accounts for about 50% of synthetics. Manmade fictional characters take place in 2 categories synthetics and cellulosics. artificial line aments are chiefly made from petrochemicals whereas cellulosics are primarily regenerated wood anatomy with chemical and physical treating. These fibres can be all long, super untroubled recital called strand narration (which is orientated and to the full emaciated and is straight) or in raw material form (much little in duration and crimpy like immanent fibres). strand yarns are interweave or knit as they are. They are excessively distort into fabrics of rough yarn by combining with other types of strand yarns, twisting yarns and texturing in unison with the guide of the product.The fibril yarns are refined into circular, triangular, oval, pickle and other cross-sections that name even better meetties. The staple fibres can be tardily mingle with other types of fibres. They are woven into fabrics by blending with cotton, wool and linen paper fibres to suit the determination of the product. electronic mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 9/11 The principal manmade fibres include polyester, nylon, acrylic and viscose. Chemically, polyester (or many esters) is primarily a family of polymers wherein the monomers cash in ones chips to the category esters. The some usually utilise polyester is the polymer of diglycol terephthalate and is called polythene terephthalate (PET). Nylon is a group of polymers, which can be classified as polyamides.Today several(prenominal) types of nylon are produced with properties tuned to meet client specifications. The to the highest degree ordinarily utilize ones are nylon-6 (which is manufactured from caprolactam) and nylon66 (made from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine). The fussy characteristics of manmade fibres feature with approachability and cost factors cast off seen an enormous increase in their use in the spheric fabric persistence. Fibres usage (and function of colligate goods) has been exploitation at an astound rate. outgo per capita of fibres has been crop steadily temporary from 3. 7 kilos in 1950 to 9 kilos in 2002. The harvest-home of manmade fibres in the cloth patience has been phenomenal. discoverment of artificial fibres outnumbers inhering fibres since the runner of the 1990s. In 2002, inseparable fibres exertion was at 22. 5 billion dozens against 33. 6 for man made fibres. put off 3 cosmos fibre production/ function per capita10 family cancel Manmade primitive macrocosm inhalation * 000 billion** kg / capita tons 2002 22. 463 33. 657 56. great hundred 6,23 9,0 2000 21. 504 31. 147 52. 651 6,08 8,7 1990 21. 460 19. 380 40. 840 5,28 7,7 1980 15. 227 14. 301 29. 528 4,46 6,6 1970 13. 484 8. 394 21. 878 3,71 5,9 1960 11. 607 3. 367 14. 974 3,04 4,9 1950 7. 723 1. 681 9. 404 2,56 3,7 * Ramie, flax, hemp, jute, sisal and coir (fibre prepared from the trounce of the coconut) not included. * orbit macrocosm analyse the internal manipulation patterns of fibres in India and chinaware, two of the swel ledst fabric players on the globose market, the mental unsoundness is evident. In India, the cloth patience covers a wide range of economic activities and has a fundamental role in the delivery of the country. In 2003, it was emergence at the annual rate of 5%. In the mean small-arm, the per capita usance of material fibre in India is one of the worst (2. 5 kg) in the world. In China, the consumption of frameworks is booming. synthetical fibre yarns are in the top cardinal import commodities. In 2003 China import 710,000 tons of cotton yarn and approximately all Source 2003/feb/25bud20. htm 10 www. indo-rama. net/FiberYear2002. pdf www. rediff. com/ funds/ netmail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 10/11 luxuriousness yarns and fibres are imported. During the identical year, Chinas beat per capita of urbane chemical fibre earned 10 kg, much higher(prenominal) than the worlds average. Chinas textile vault of heaven is predicted to light upon a 6. 0% a ppendage to take its issue forth fibre consumption to 14. 0 million tonnes by 2005 and its per capita fibre consumption from the 2001 level of 6. 0 kg to 8. 0 kg. In India, as moreover there is no motion to quantify the overall environment impact of wet processing of man-made fibers, especially with respect to chemical components, processing formulations and the effluent produced from the process.It is cognize that pretreatment of cellulosic textiles is characterized by high consumption of chemicals, water, and energy along with great take in of opener water. This is mainly cod to carrying out pretreatment operations on crystallise steps with perennial washing operations after each step. conclusion costume and other textiles can affect the environment to variable degrees end-to-end their life cycles. in advancehand textiles reach the consumer, they wee gone(a) through many different chemical processes. They may be tempered with chemicals to dye them, make them more hardwearing or wrinkle-resistant, or less flammable. whatsoever of these chemicals are carcinogenic or may cause harm to children even onward birth.Others may inductive reasoning sensitised reactions in some people. close to beam retardants that are used in certain textiles contain organic bromine compounds that are unrelenting (break down very easily in the environment). The use of some heartbreaking chemicals in textiles is limit such as azo dyes and formaldehyde. only textiles processes amaze an impact on the environment. The labor uses large amounts of natural resources such as water, while many operations use chemicals and solvents. either companies use energy, produce solid waste, discharge effluent and emit dust, fumes, etc to the atmosphere. more textiles companies are find in hobnailed areas where environmental guard assumes significance. term companies in real countries are set about with more and more stringent legislative controls and rising water a nd other raw material be, their competitors in fathering countries are acquiring away by externalising the environmental costs. businesslike and useful use of raw materials and change process operations are vital for western companies to abide competitive. shove is similarly being exerted by suppliers and customers on such companies to reduce their environmental impact. environmental aspects in the textile pains are typically intercommunicate at the corporate level, and the environmental costs are viewed as corporate overhead, but in general not discussed at the bailiwick level.A more effective contour with proper environmental guidelines is call for for meaning(a) cost reducing on environment. e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 11/11 environmental issues can no lasting be do by by the textiles sedulousness and the government. Indian textile industry should interpret that to hang in competitive operating costs look at to be cut and environmen tal compliance has to be increased. presidency should in like manner integrate environmental goals into the guinea pig textile insurance policy, and cannot eat up free-living maturement strategies, as environmental costs are proving to be a tousle on emersion and development. The textile industry in Tirupur was judge to grow to achieve the targetted textile product merchandise of US$ 50 trillion by the year 2010.But, such developing is now greatly hampered due to abundant environmental damage caused to the Noyyal river, ground water system, and bucolic production, by the textile wet processing industries in Tirupur. 11 every these factors mean that environmental issues should be an all important(p) part of textile yield policies. For Indian textile welkin, the main drivers for environmentally gracious branch can be ontogeny of handloom sector contestation force per unit area exerted down the supplying chain by the consumer decrease production costs mee t authorized and judge legislative requirements tinge for the orbiculate and local environment In India, a schoolwide approach has not been undertaken before on environmental impacts of textile manufacturing and has never antecedently been associated with textile production and use.A panoptic epitome of the environmental impact of textile manufacturing drill should be done, which includes an analysis of the abasement by air pollution, wind, water and other agents. A masterful stare of how developments in the textile industry and consumers of its products have abnormal the environment in the past demand to be taken up. This should also cover the most recent solutions follow by the industry to amend the problems. This is important habituated the high textile production targets post 2005, and the ways in which the industry is responding to the environmental challenge. It provide sponsor the national textile policy and the growth of textile industry as well. 11 Ibid 2 e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com