Smoking Cessation Therapy during Pregnancy Article

Smoking Cessation Therapy during Pregnancy - Article ExampleThe coetaneous NRT during pregnancy mitigates the delivery of toxins despite the fact that nicotine intake is profound during pregnancy. Such therapy is effective as it gradually eliminates withdrawal symptoms hence, aids in the smoking cessation process (Cressman, et al., 1). The study indicates that behavioral counseling is suitable for pregnant women smoking less than five cigarettes per day because their nicotine intake is high (Cressman, et al., 2). Bupropion and Varenicline are among the contemporary NRT measures. The research conducted by Cressman, et al., convincingly argues that NRT enhances smoking cessation among pregnant women. It is prudent to concur with the research. However, the research fails to end the ambiguity inherent in the fact that the external environment that the women are exposed to has a significant make on the process. As such, cessation whitethorn not be entirely attributed to NRT. The exte rnal environment presents mental stressors that may contradict with the smoking cessation process. In addition, the gestation full stop lasts for nine months among human beings. Therefore, the period of subjecting the pregnant women to NRT is undefined. The research fails to indicate the negative effects of NRT on pregnancy. Bupropion and Varenicline are foreign to the body and may have negative effects on the pregnancy despite their efforts to mitigate smoking among the women. The research matter smoking cessation therapy during pregnancy encompasses the study of life. With much interest focused towards such a study, the member acts as a stepping stone towards providing insight into the onset of life as required in Biology. The accomplished functions of the body during pregnancy are quite delicate, and women ought to create an environment conducive to the development of the baby.

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique Research Paper

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique - Research Paper ExampleThe socio-political environment prevailing in the United States of America was systematically making the women feel contented with their household duties, thereby giving commission to an unnoticed and unrecognized sense of discontent, apathy and unhappiness. Thereby, Betty Friedans book The Feminine Mystique is indeed credited with carry to fore this unrecognized marginalization of women (Horowitz 36). Hence, The Feminine Mystique indeed happened to be a work that revitalized the Womens Liberation Movement.The book, The Feminine Mystique was the outcome of the conclusions drawn by Betty Friedan, when she attended her colleges fifteen year reunion. In a analyse conducted by Betty Friedan in this reunion, she realized that a majority of her classmates were abjectly dismayed and insatiable with the role of an idealized American housewife, heaped on them by the dominant social, cultural and gender expectations. Actually it was this survey that made Betty Friedan recognizes the fact that a post war social environment was positively nudging women to adapt to the roles of mothers and housewives. do by this conclusion, the subsequent research conducted by Betty Friedan confirmed her worst fears regarding the state of women in the post War America. Immediately after its publication, The Feminine Mystique turned out to be a number one bestseller, as it happened to be an ideological work that tried to recognize, unravel and define an array of issues faced by the women in the post War world, which hitherto remained ignored, sidelined and neglected (Scanlon 94). This book brought to fore the fact that confining women to the roles of mothers and housewives not only made them lead an unsatisfied and frustrated life, but this trend also had larger implications for the American society. In that context, The Feminine Mystique was a groundbreaking work in the sense

Competitive Advantage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Competitive Advantage - Assignment idealBarnes & Noble has the greatest product variety in the industry in both books and e-books. Due to the size of it of the company the firm is in a better position to offer lower prices. The company is adapted to lower costs in its purchases because the company achieves economies of scale.Small scale bookstores have to become more proactive in their operational and marketing efforts in order to compete with Barnes & Nobles. A way for a junior-grade bookstore to differentiate itself is by providing superior customer service. Special services such as guild any book the customer wants even if the company does not make its normal profit is an effectual way to increase customer retention. Another way to boost the business of a small bookstore is by designing a good website that offers the entire inventory of books available at the store. The use of cellular advertising is one of the hottest marketing channels of

Descriptive Paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Descriptive Paragraph - Essay ExampleTouch in that respect is water spray flying everywhere and it sprinkles onto my face like little pinpricks of needles, hard and sharp. wheresoever the salty spray lands, there is a rough residue it leaves behind as the spray begins to seam up on my skin. It is cold and sticky and when I press my fingers together, they begin to feel glued together. My haircloth is now in ratted strings around my head, full of the sea brine which dribbles down over my face, as if there were not enough salty layers to contend with already.Taste The salty spray is sharp on my lips, especially where I have a little paper cut. Naturally, it stings and the salty brine is bitter and vitriolic to the try. My tongue is in salt overload and I wonder if I will ever taste anything else but salt again. That taste of old brine, centuries of salty water that have wrapped former(a) ships in its passing, is bitter and acrid, even deeply pungent.Smell The taste of the brine als o impact my smelling as it seems repeated there in my nose too. Yet, there is the fresh ocean smell that is always so wonderful, that which draws generations of sailors to the seas. It is an old smell but at the same time, it washes fresh the air and fills the senses with a wonderful aromatic memory of old wooden tar-glued boats.Sound The grievous of crashing waves on rocks and on itself is monumental, a booming sound which reverberates within my body. The force and strength of the water and waves that roil back up and forth, are like no other force in nature. After the waters hit the rocks, there is the rippling sound of water withdrawing back into itself, only to gather once again into one big push, rushing forward, slamming against those rocks again, and then again and again. thither is no withstanding the fury and the turmoil of the open ocean when it is angry As I look forbidden at the boat which seemed closer just a time ago, it is now

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Article Critique - Essay subjectIn their article, Jehlen and Kopkowski identify two major(ip) factors that are driving the push to disband large urban high schools in favor of teensy schools of less than 400 students. These factors are No Child left(p) Behind and large grants given by the file Gates Foundation. The article presents a brief overview of the positives and negatives of the sm completely high school approach and then examines two sample high schools and presents interviews with the educators in these schools. One major issue the article does not address is the exact cogitates that No Child Left Behind and the Bill Gates Foundation are causing such an impact on school reform. The authors mention that No Child Left Behind calls for increasing consequences for schools with lagging achievement and then state that these consequences force the schools to do something, regardless of what that something is but provide no additional details. Also, Jehlen and Kopkowski state t hat the Gates Foundation provides money to get ahead the building of subtleer schools, but then contradict this information by revealing that the Foundation is no longer in support of smaller schools but is in support of more qualified faculty. A breakdown of the touchstone of money that the Gates Foundation donates to school districts would help the reader understand the amount of influence the foundation has. In the first of two high schools that are the focus of the article, the authors present Wyandotte high gear School in Kansas City, Kansas. The school was a large high school with discipline problems ranging from arson to assault. afterwards breaking the school into small learning communities, discipline problems plummeted and test scores rose. Jehlen and Kopkowski interview several teachers who all agree that the reform was positive. The only problem with the analysis is that the authors present such an extreme case. Very a couple of(prenominal) schools deal with arson and assaults on the faculty with any regularity. The teachers working in this school admitted that they did not wishing to return the next day to teach. With subjects such as these, the study is biased. In such a gruelling school, teachers would vastly overestimate the value of any reform that had any positive results. Any reduction in behavioral problems would be lauded by staff and administration. The second high school that Jehlen and Kopkowski focus on is vivification Academy in Oakland, California. In Oakland, the school budget is being cut and the school illustrates the negatives of moving to the small school format. The teachers are forced to teach multiple preps, there is very little variety in the curriculum, and there are very few extracurricular activities. The analysis of Life Academy suffers for the same reason as that of Wyandotte High School. Few systems are in the extreme budget crunch of Oakland, and teachers who are in underfunded schools are more likely to repo rt negatives of any reform. So, it is unsurprising that the interviews that Jehlen and Kopkowski conducted at Life Academy were to begin with pessimistic. Overall, I believe that the current idea in school reform is a move former in technology. School districts are still attempting to create smaller schools, but the push is for online education. Smaller schools speak to more in resources, personnel, and other factors. Online education is much cheaper and requires fewer resources than smaller schools. Since districts are now come to with saving money, the current school reform is online

Tuesdays with Morrie III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuesdays with Morrie III - Essay ExampleThe book forces us to take a good, sternly look at ourselves and the world we belong to and see what changes our culture could make. This is, indeed, a difficult question use as we are to ask no questions, go with the flow, fit in, so to speak. And perchance, that on the button is the problem, and that exactly is the change that must be sought. Ours is a culture that propagates the idea of fitting in, of homogeneity, of belonging. It sets very particular(prenominal) rules to follow and yardsticks by which an individual is to be judged. At the most benign, it makes life a popularity contest and causes thwarting to those who can non quite meet the standard. On a deeper level, it legitimizes racial profiling and gender stereotyping.Mitch is a young journalist, and perhaps knows all too well the huge role that media plays in shaping popular culture and edge social values. Indeed, factual and fictional media portrayals have a propensity to ac tivate culturally shared racial and gender stereotypes and affect judgment involving those who belong to stereotyped groups. The website Media Awareness Network states that stereotypes act like codes that violate audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of peopleusually relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation.1 However, stereotyping is dangerous in that it transforms assumptions into realities and it places individuals in simplistic categories without experience of each persons uniqueness and gifts.The stereotypes of women in media are easily evident. In goggle box shows for instance, who has not seen the dumb blonde, the soccer mom, the girl next door, or the corporate go getter? I watch television often and I see these images all the time. Though the stereotypes have undergone revamping since the 1950s, with less of the Brady Bunch images and more

Individual Route - Chartered Engineer Self Assessment Essay

Individual Route - Chartered Engineer ego Assessment - Essay ExampleThis shall be demonstrated through Taking appropriate Engineering Council examinations until 2011 or Undertaking further qualifications approved by the EI, either in whole or in part, or Undertaking assessed work-based learning approved by the EI, or Submission of a Technical Report, or whatsoever combination of these. Application Process Upon receipt of your application, the Membership Panel (MP) leave behind conduct an initial recap of your roles and responsibilities. You will also be compulsory to submit the ICP information and supporting documentation for assessment by the ICP Panel (see page 2). Should the MP assessment and ICP assessment be successful you will be required to complete a Professional Development Review (PDR) Interview. A report from this interview will be made back to the MP. The MP will forward a recommendation to EIs governing Council and you will be notified of the result. Should the MP c oncur, on the basis of your PDR and PDR interview, that your roles, responsibilities and experiences satisfy those required by EI and the Engineering Council you will be elected into membership and registered with the EngC. The schematic diagram below outlines the process. Benchmark academic requirements for registration Education baronial education is the usual, though not the only, way of demonstrating the underpinning knowledge and soul for professional competence. Underpinning knowledge and understanding The knowledge, understanding and skills to underpin performance atomic number 18 an essential component of competence. The requirements for Chartered Engineer registration shall be exemplified by particular educational qualifications, as follows either an accredited Bachelors degree with honours in engineering or technology, plus either an appropriate Masters degree accredited or approved by a licensed professional engineering institution, or appropriate further learning to M asters level or an accredited integrated MEng degree. Requirements for assessment by the ICP panel When reviewing your application the ICP Panel will look at all the engineering-based qualifications that you have completed as well as your career news report and training record. A profile of such qualifications is listed below to enable you to submit the appropriate information for assessment. The Professional Membership double-decker will provide further information about this. In order to review your career history and qualifications against the requirements of an accredited academic programme, the ICP Panel will require A faculty breakdown of your qualifications (undergraduate and postgraduate) A computer program for the qualification(s) A copy of your final year dissertation, project or PhD etcetera A completed egotism assessment form please see appendix A copy of your membership application and PDR etc. Any other information you feel would support your application If you do not possess the module breakdown(s) and course syllabi for the course(s) you completed, you should obtain them direct from your university or college. This information should be submitted to the Professional Membership Manager ideally with your application for membership of EI. Completing the self assessment form The academic learning outcomes, listed in the Annex, are taken from the Engineering Council requirements for an

5step Approach to Biomedical Science Research Essay

5step Approach to Biomedical Science Research - Essay ExampleBut these molecular(a) determinants were undefined. In an another report thapsigiargin , a sesquiterpene lactone inhibits both mammalian and malarial SERCAs. These findings led to hypothesis that artermisins act with a region of PfATP6 that binds thapsigargin-binding cleft of malarial and mammalian SERCAs, and are the determinant of the arteminisinin.Based on the previous data and literature, the authors identified PfATP6 as a target site. Using bioinformatics the researchers compared the amino group acid sequences of mammalian and malarial SERCAs, and gear up that the leu263 residue is unique along with few more amino acid. After identification, different mutant were constructed to typeset the affinity of arteminsins towards these mutated forms to establish its role of each amino acid towards arteminsins sensitivity.To determine the role of leu263 and other amino acids in PfATP6 doain. Different mutant of PfATP6 were e xpress in Xenopus oocyte and functionality test were performed. It was shown that in case of alter Leu263 sensitivity decreased to almost three fold. Whereas alteration of other amino acids along with leu263 lead to 10 fold decrease in sensitivity. Similarly, introduction of Leu263 in non-sensitive sps. like Plasmodium vivax and P. berghei ether increased or decreased sensitivity.

Analysis of drama with critical approaches to literature Essay

Analysis of drama with critical approaches to literature - Essay ExampleIn such cases each party in the court is totally involved, like the judge who has to pronounce the judgment, the lawyers disputation the case, the accused and his family members, the family members of the other party, the reporters of the print and electronic media etc. An agonizing and tension ridden atmosphere prevails in the courtroom. In Oedipus the King by Sophocles, Apollo prophesied Oedipus fate and communicated this knowledge by the time of his conception. As such, throughout his life the single-pointed target of Oedipus was to challenge fate to undo the prophecy to save his life and in the process he sunk/killed anyone who tried to obstruct him and finally ended his own life.Sophocles has succeeded in creating such an atmosphere throughout the execute in Oedipus the King, that demands total involvement of the viewers. One of the important God-given boons to a human beingness is the power of discrimi nation. On the other hand he is also the owner of his collective destinies. It is the bounden duty of the human being to go on doing actions, without intermission, as per ones choices authorized by the power of discrimination. Once that is done, the return may be good, bad or worst. At the same time one is also perpetually affected by the choices others make, with whom one has interactions. That was the case with Oedipus and as such he was the victim of the choices made for him by others. This happened right from the womb to the tomb and from the cradle to the grave and as such his actions were controlled by others, in appendage to his own doings.Whether Oedipus is a man of swift action or rash action is a consequence of conjecture. For good or bad, he is a man of great insight. If his life is compared to a magnificent orchestra, he is also destined to carry a muffled drum along with him. He is a regulation par excellence who does in advance what his subjects need. He has the e lements of devotion and destruction ingrained in his

Concept of courage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concept of fearlessness - Essay ExampleFear is a prerequisite for courage. Fear is the consequence of an insight of vulnerability, which is recognized by the accurate or inaccurate assessment or estimation of a threat as outweighing the psyche resources. The only validated scale utilize to calculate courage was of late produced by Schmidt and Koselka in a cognitive therapy research. The Courage measuring Scale employ in this study was constructed 7- position scale. The first three items used were to assess the broad-spectrum of courage, while the last four items assessing panic-specific courage. The scales do not illustrate the number of situational domains, and the third item on the three-item scale questions participants if they are fearless. Despite the fear being said to be a set for courage, it is rated to be in a positive direction as other items that result in two high scores. One indicating courage and the other indicating a general absence of fear. Many analysis and cor relations were used to see the sights of the relationships among courage, toughness, and personal illness. Hardiness or toughness was not found to be a extensive analyst of corporeal illness for the participants Hardiness was found to be a weak predictor of physical illness for men. There are no other variables in this study that were found to be an cardinal predictor of physical illness, and the variations of the courage scores did not enhance the relationship between hardiness and physical illness when variance accounted for by gender was controlled.

No title page not yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No title page not yet - Essay faceThis advertisement makes samples to persuade the beauty through its tone and inclusion of statistics.This advertisement is effective beca part of the tone displayed. The manly narrator speaks with a positive and upbeat tone of voice, creating the illusion that he would be interested in a woman who uses this product. From his voice, it is likely that he is in his mid to late 20s and is a man that every young woman aspires for. When introducing the product, the narrator uses such words as ultra and formula. The use of these words is designed to appeal to up-market women who have an education and perhaps earn significantly more than the add up woman. By adding the word formula in there, it seems as thought the comp whatever has tested the product sevenfold times before settling on the one eventually introduced to the market. Words like ultra attempt to accentuate the word lengthening, which is the main purpose of the whole advertisement.Another re ason why this advertisement is so convincing is through its use of statistics. The narrator claims that lashes cipher up to 80% longer. This would be appealing for any woman who felt that their lashes were too short. Also, included along the bottom of the screen is a claim that 93% of women agree that this product works. This once again tries to convey a message to the viewer that the product is responsible because it is accepted among everyday regular women. The narrator finally mentions that 9 out of 10 agree that lashes look remarkably long through the use of this product. While this may seem convincing to a viewer who does not know the background of these claims, these figures needs more justification. For instance, of the 93% of women who agree that this product is beneficial, who were the 41 women surveyed? be they qualified to give an opinion on the topic? Of course, in a 30-second advertisement it is impossible to accurately verify

Michigan history-Oldsmobile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Michigan history-Oldsmobile - Research subject ExampleIn 1901, Oldsmobile got recognition in the United States as first car builder of the coarse that had sourced the components from external suppliers. Consequently, ransom money E. Old was began to be dubbed as the father of auto industry of America which change had denied himself as he was out of country at that particular time (Mccleland). Later it was revealed that John De Lorean was the in truth father of auto industry of America who was executive engineer of General Motors and founder of John De Lorean Motors Company. curiously the matter related to assembly lines that were claimed to be made by General Motors. The trip taken in the Oldsmobile to attract buyers was also failed badly and the car was severely damaged (Michael). Ransom E. Olds died in 1950 and his last speech also settle in the controversy as he said, If Oldsmobile croak today, then Buicks a pledge a week from Monday or Pursue utes (Phillips).As a consequen ce it can be inferred that Ransom E. Olds was not obviously the father of auto industry of the United States. In fact there were many another(prenominal) other contributors of the industry including John De

Successfull retention tools of American Businesses Term Paper

Successfull memory board tools of American Businesses - Term Paper ExampleIt is to a fault dearly-won to the company. Labor turnover and attrition is costly not only in terms of resources but in any case in precious time of training hot employees. It will take time until a new employee will be able to yield the same output like the one that has left and it is also is an opportunity lost to the company. It may be tempting to disregard a companys retention program because rewards incur cost. But it has to be kept whatever the economical circumstances because in the terminal analysis, the cost of rewards is more than justified considering the opportunity cost of losing an organizations best talent (Frasch, 201).It is expense noting that at the aftermath of the recent financial crisis, the survey conducted by Nashville, Tennessee based OI Partners found that an alarming 64 percent of companies are concerned that they may lose managers when the job market improves and that includes a 48 % likelihood of losing their executives (Frash, 2011). Such, a revisit on the successful tools of retaining best talents in an organization would be necessary to go along the likelihood of an impending labor turnover.Given with the changing economic landscape brought by the recent crisis, it is befitting difficult for companies to financially reward their employees because of financial constraints. Many are even cutting wages as a cost cutting measure to weather the recent economic turmoil (OHara, 2011). On the another(prenominal) hand, about 65 percent of employees are beginning to be sensitive to pay increase as a motivation for them to stay with their current employer as reflected in the survey from Marlborough, Mass.-based benefits and compensation consultant Workscape (OHara, 2011).This economic difficulty however should not prevent companies to strive to keep their best employees. Nor should they disregard because of the costs associated

Unethical Business Behavior (Monastato company) Essay

Unethical Business demeanor (Monastato participation) - Essay ExampleUnethical Business Behavior (Monastato company)This can be furthered with the ideologies of libertarians or Aristotle, particular propositionally which helps to give rise a deeper understand of what the moral and ethical problems argon within a company. When analyzing Monsanto, an agricultural company, there is an concord of the deeper problems of morality as well as why this becomes grievous to alter with the company. Background of the Problem The company Monastato was chosen because it is recognized as the top unethical company in the world. The company is located in Missouri and offers agricultural products to grocery stores. The company is known for providing genetically modified foods and seed to the world as well as agricultural products that argon used to change the quality of foods. The company is known for macrocosm unethical first because of the approach taken to competition. If there is a farmer that is working ethically or which provides organic food, then Monsanto will try to sue them for offering the wrong products. The companys come outline isnt one based on winning or losing the suit, but instead of driving the farmers out of business because of the amount of money that is spent on putting them through court.The company moves beyond this with the foods and peck killer that is used. The particular company was chosen because of the current controversy which they are under as well as the controversies that are associated with the food and agriculture, both politically and in society. There are several that are now pressuring companies to begin altering the way in which food is provided with the concept of processing food and otherwise components being difficult with those that are looking at the divers(prenominal) processes for agriculture. The current health issues which many are facing and which are causing difficulties are leading to problems in becoming more reno wned in political and social groups. Examining the different layers of Monsanto and the unethical behaviors that are associated with this then builds a deeper understanding of why it is important to pay attention to the problems that the company currently is sending to others while developing a deeper understanding of how morality in terms of agricultural reform need to be reconsidered with this particular company as an face (Cesca, 2010 1). Theories on Ethics The concepts that are associated with Monsanto relate directly to theories on ethics and the association which this creates with how the corporation ask to alter policies specifically for ethics. The first concept which can be looked into in terms of reform for ethics is the libertarian point of view. According to this viewpoint, every individual should have rights while restricting the political or corporeal affiliations that are linked to this. More important, there needs to be a sense of independence and independence t hat is associated with how one is able to maintain their own needs and concepts within society. This moves into the understanding that each individual has specific rights and expressions that are associated with the individual while creating the understanding that there needs to be a sense of equalizer with different needs. The belief is that this will associate with changes with class struggle as well as understanding what ones natural rights are within society (Sandel, 2009 60). The libertarian viewpoint is one which is looked at with the different policies and practices of Monsanto. The first is with

Knapp Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knapp - Case work ExampleQ2 Crawford auditors should take categorical measures non to permit the client to discover the corporality threshold that argon to be applied in the audit. There exists unethical clients in the world. If the employees or management discover that the stuffity threshold to be applied, they can use it to manipulate the system, accounts, or records because they will be aw be of what the auditors are looking for in the documents and system. Arguably, it is no feasible for the auditors to hide the set threshold information, particularly when they are dealings with physical records. In the audit process, the auditors often engage the clients to assist them with various tasks, such as displace records. If the auditors over rely on the clients information and documents, it becomes very difficult for the auditors to detect material errors.Q3 The SFAS No. 48 Revenue Recognition When Right of Return Exists, and the Concept Statement No. 5 of the FASB Recognition Mea surement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises are the leading guide business enterprises informing firms when they are authorize to record revenues (Knapp, 2012). Equally, revenue recognition should be based on accrual accounting in line with the GAAP. Revenue should be recognized when earned, irrespective of the cash receipt timing. Progressive payments, early payments, and deposits are not recognized as revenue until the revenue transpired.Q4 Auditors have the principle objective of attaining a meaningful authority that the audited financial statements do not have material mismanagement (AU200-12) (.Knapp, 2012). When Deloitte altered the audit evidence, they implied that the conclusion that was presented by the original audit was no longer supported.Question 5 Incompetency with the management team increases the luck of inherent risks within the audit. Hence, auditors have to evaluate the possibility of the

Product Excellence Using Six Sigma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Product Excellence Using Six Sigma - Assignment modelingThe literature on integration method between Design for X and DFSS is explained below which can help oneself in identifying the principles of architectural plan for X in the context of DFSS along with the critical analysis on the carrying into action of Design for excellence and DFSS. The section will first explain the literature on the concept of the design for excellence and then critically evaluate the factors that can identify the loopholes in the designing procedures. Design for X is the term used for the crossway development. It is referred to as a system or strategy, which is used in the product development lifecycle (Eder & Hosnedi, 2010, p. 180). The design for X is another name of a model for excellence. The system incorporates wide material body and collection of product development design guidelines. In order to improve the technical features of a circumstance product, the design guidelines provided in the des ign for X can help in the development, controlling and innovation signifier of the product development. The guidelines also educate or increase the procedural knowledge of the engineers, who are involved in the product development cycle with technical expertise. 1. The guidelines are ground on the experienced engineers and their past experiences. The unused entrants may bring the problems of clearly understanding the technicalities, which are described under design for X. The experience-based guidelines may have the dependencies of the context and assumptions on the basis of which the design was developed. Therefore, the design may change over time. It can be explained with the help of the example of apple incorporation i.e. Steve Jobs left Tim Cook some problems such as in spite of of the fact that Tim Cook initially followed the same designs, which were actually followed by Steve Jobs and used the experienced-based guidelines of Steve Jobs but it was initially proved to be d ifficult for the Tim cook to understand the fact that the success story of Apple Inc., was not based on the existing designs but on the innovation of new designs at different intervals (Yarow, 2014).

Swot Analysis Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis EssayTop Gloves strengths and the opportunities available to it outbalance its weaknesses and the threats to its business. Strengths. One of Top Gloves competitive edge is its size and wide product range. This is in line with groups strategy of becoming the one-stop glove sourcing centre for glove users. Its size confers on it economies of scale and also the ability to expand upstream. Weakness. We can identify only one weakness in Top Glove. Being an OEM manufacturer, it does not have any products that carry its own brand name. Its size and toughened growth could also work against its favour as it makes it more difficult for management to keep a close eye on all its operations. This is demonstrated by the recent illegal labour issue. Opportunities. Opportunities collapse for Top Glove. Its expansion plans will enable it to ride on the increasing global demand for arctic gloves and the outsourcing trend by MNCs. Top Gloves size also places it in a skilful posit ion to undertake MampAs, which argon likely given our belief that the local industry will get down more consolidation. Threats.The glove industry has low barriers of entry as only RM1m-1. 5m is needed to start a line. That said, although it is cheap to enter the industry, new players may not be competitive as they have to agnise themselves from other players and need to compete in terms of volume in order to enjoy economies of scale. hard-hitting expansion by the bigger players also poses the threat of an industry glut. Price and availability of latex are also sources of concern given that latex makes up more than 50% of the groups costs. To justify the risk, Top Glove has expanded upstream by acquiring its own latex processing plant.

China and Europe during the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

China and Europe during the Middle Ages EssayGlobalisation is not parvenue, though. For thousands of years, people and, later, corporations confuse been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the celebrated Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries,People and corporations piss invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, legion(predicate) of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those everyday before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. But policy and technological developments of the then(prenominal) few decades have spurred increases in cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its stinting development. Since 1950, for example, the volume of world trade has increased by xx times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign inve stment nearly doubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave of globalisation from earlier ones, reservoir Thomas Friedman has said that today globalisation is further, faster, cheaper, and deeper.The current wave of globalisation has been driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and world-widely. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment. Governments have also negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have strengthened foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feat ure of globalisation, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business structure.Technology has been the other principal driver of globalisation. Advances in information technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors consumers, investors, businesses worth(predicate) new in want mannerls for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more informed analysis of economic trends around the world, unaffixed transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners.Globalisation is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalisation argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and rhytidectomy their standards of living term opponents of globalisation claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited international corporations in the Western world at the expense of l ocal enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalisation has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a political level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labour, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalisation.COCULSIONIn sum, most distinctive conception sees globalisation as a fundamental transformation of human geographics on the eve of the twenty-first century world affairs have acquired a rapidly increase global dimension alongside the territorial framework of old. Of course and this point cannot be stressed too much it is not that territorial space has become wholly irrelevant in contemporary history. We outlive in a globalising rather than a completely globalised condition. Global spaces of the kind formed through telecommunications, transworld finance, and the like interrelate with territorial spaces, where locality, distance and borders still matter very much. Thus, for example, people have not while acquiring a global imagination discarded their affinities for particular territorial places. Similarly, global marketers have nominate on countless occasions that they need to tailor their products and promotions to local sensibilities.Globalisation is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and the governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and back up by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well being in societies around the world.BIBLIOGRAPHYwww.globalisationguide.org

How is conflict presented in Macbeth and Dulce et Decorum Est and make comparisons Essay Example for Free

How is engagement presented in Macbeth and Dulce et Decorum Est and make comparisons EssayConflict is extremely influential every day all everywhere the world. It can be from the smallest contrast of opinion to the wars in Afghanistan and Syria. Conflict is a key theme in William Shakespe bes Macbeth. It is evident throughout the play from the initial dialogue which is an example of nature in disharmony thunder, lightning and rainfall to the end of the play where Macduff is jubilant about his execution of Macbeth Hail, baron For so thou art behold, where stands the usurpers darned head the cartridge clip is freeThe witches atomic number 18 the source on the majority of the conflict throughout Macbeth. They are un inbred creatures who are constantly associated with negative imagery upon the heath thunder, lighting and rain. They introduce the physical face of conflict in the play by saying When the hurly-burlys done, When the battles lost and won. When Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches in Act One, characterisation Three, Banquo describes them as So witherd and so wild in their attire and that they look non like the inhabitants o the earth they deceive the stereotypical women as again Banquo says Upon her skinny lips you should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret, That you are so. As well has looking extraordinary these women speak of extraordinary prophesies for some(prenominal) Macbeth and Banquo.Macbeth is a character that is accustom to war and violence. We learn of this in Act One, Scene two when the bloody while describes Macbeth to tabby Duncan as Brave Macbeth and that Macbeth Disdained fortune, with brandishd steel which smoked with bloody execution, like valours minion carved out his passage till he faced the slave which neer shook hands nor bade farewell to him, till he unseamd him from the nave to the chaps, and fixd his head upon our battlements. Macbeth is clearly a brave soldier who is willing to brutally mur der a nonher hu humanness being still to nurture King and Country. He could be perceived as a savage murderer with no thought of anothers persons life.Although he is physically strong Macbeth is psychically weak. His soliloquys throughout the play give us an penetration if his internal confliction. In Act One, Scene Three Macbeth has an in-depth verbalisation of these bizarre internal difficulties. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion, whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, against the employ of nature? Present fears, Are less than horrible imaginings. He is confused about the witches prophecies and believes that to become King he must(prenominal) commit regicide. This leads Macbeth to become no longer cognitive as he is foolish with his thrive for power. Macbeth then redeems his character by saying If chance will have me king, why, chance whitethorn crown me, without my stir. In this particular soliloquy good has won over evil .Later on in Act One, Scene Seven, Evil wins over good although Macbeths decisions are influenced by Lady Macbeth. Up until this caput we have seen Macbeth as a man of decisive action. However the moral problem of decimateing king Duncan has issuinged in him hesitating the opening of this scene is key as it shows Macbeth wrestling with his conscience for the final time before he commits the act of regicide. His thoughts here are plagued with thoughts as to whether or not he should kill the King. Macbeths complex character changes dramatically throughout the scene. Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth if the assassination could trammel up the signification, and catch with his surcease success that but this blow might be the be-all and the end-all here.This is Macbeth saying that he could kill King Duncan without consequence he would do it. He then shows his internal confliction by saying we still have sound judgment herewhich, being taught, return to plague the inventor. Macbeth is mak ing a case against kill the King as he fears going to hell. He also says that he should be loyal to the king and as his host protect him. Lady Macbeth knows that herself and thirst for power are Macbeths genial weaknesses therefore manipulates Macbeth into killing king Duncan by occupational group him a coward. Macbeth himself summarises his faults with his final line of act one in which he says false face must hide what the false heart doth know.In conclusion, conflict is a key theme in Macbeth and it move under three types internal, natural and physical, Macbeth is a physically strong character who is a savage killer on the battlefield. Macbeth is told by the witches that he will become thane of Cawdor and then king. This is a prime example of natural conflict as the witches have superhuman knowledge these prophecies are the catalyst of Macbeths internal conflict as he is faced with the decision whether or not to commit the act of regicide.Committing this act leads to the demise of both himself and Lady Macbeth. Every prophecies is meet with more conflict both and physically. As well as killing King Duncan, Macbeth also orders the killing of Banquos family as well as Macduff and his family but Macduff escapes. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are plagued by guilt, Macbeth begins hallucinating but Lady Macbeth throws herself off a building. Macduff returns to Scotland and kills Macbeth in battle and Malcolm is given is mightilyful part as king as he was heir to the throne. The play closes with physical conflict and courage.The idea of conflict and war can be presented in several(predicate) ways. Conflict is apparent in Macbeth, Dulce et Decorum Est, The spend and The Hero. Wilfred Owens Dulce is a poesy written about the struggles and difficulties of war and conflict. Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori means It is sweet and right to die for your country. This is a contradiction of the verse form which speaks of the affliction and distressing nature of war u nlike the poem The Soldier by Rupert Brooke which glorifies war. The Soldier relishes in the spoils of war yet Brooke does not have first-hand experience of war like Owen does.The poem opens with the line Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. The men are seek with the life they are living and it has there bodys decaying immensely. The exhaustion of war has drained the men both physically and mentally. Owen describes them as metaphorically Marching Asleep. The men are all blind as they do not want to face the inevitability. They are so drunk with fatigue they are deaf event to the hoots of petrol shells dropping softly behind.Although in Dulce the men are mentally debilitated as a result of physical conflict, Macbeth is driven and powered by bodily hardship and it is infact Macbeths inner hostilities are what lead him into mental exhaustion. The poem is Macbeths inner thoughts verbalised.The poem Dulce is written in the verse line scheme of AB. The use of the AB rhyme scheme slows the poem down to bound the mens exhaustion and create a solemn atmosphere. The line screw up Gas Quick, boys as well as a caesura quickens the poem. Another technique Owen uses is a number of narratives to reflect that all the men were suffering not just one or two. The Hero is written in an AA rhyme scheme therefore from this alone we can determine that is a more upbeat poem written from a more positive prospective.Owen goes on to tell the reader about one man who didnt fix his mask in time who was floundring like a man in fire or lime he then says that they flung him in a wagon this statement emphasises the fact that a man who was once a friend and Conrad is now a burden to them. Metaphorically this is similar to Macbeth as originally committing regicide was a good idea until it became the burden that lead to Macbeths mental breakdown.Later on in the poem Owen goes on to talk about the mental difficulties of seeing a man suffer such a gruesome fate. Owen says If in some s mothering dreams you too could pace. Behind the wagon that we flung him in, and watch the white look writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin Here Owen is speaking of the mental strain that seeing a Conrad inflicts upon them. It is clear that although this trauma has Owen distraught he is also relieved that it is not him.After reading all of the literature it is apparent that although all the text is written at different periods from the 16th century to the war periods conflict is key throughout. The literature gives different perspectives on conflict collectable to both their writers and the time periods they were written in.

Warren Buffet Case Study Essay Example for Free

Warren Buffet Case Study EssayExecutive SummaryOn whitethorn 24, 2005, it was announced that Berkshire Hathaway would acquire PacifiCorp. from parent, Scottish Power, for $5.1 billion in cash and $4.3 in liabilities and preferred stock (Bruner, Eades, Schill). later on the announcement of the encyclopaedism, the market responded very positively the same day. Berkshires stock price had affixd by 2.4%, PacifiCorp.s parent, Scottish Powers by 6.28% and SP 500 closed up 0.02%. Berkshire Hathaways 2.4% shares increase was equivalent to $2.55 billion. Since this is not consistent with results of other acquirements of the same order, it must be Warren Buffets cult-like following that allows this to happen. Rather than rationally studying the market information of the acquisition, the general public puts their curse in Warren Buffett as an coronation guru. Berkshire held many different types of industries in their portfolio, but prior to the acquisition of PacifiCorp., Berkshire di d not claim signifi masst investment in the energy sector.The now more diversified investment portfolio of Berkshire after the acquisition was expected to provide more stable returns. Often throughout the case study, Buffetts view on a conjunctions unalienable rank was spotlighted as one of his preponderant investing strategies. Book range and the investment outline are the two alternatives to intrinsic value. Buffett rejects them because these alternatives neither can give clear and accurate information about the expected profit in the investment. A companys intrinsic value, though, is a companys value relative to the present value of its discounted hereafter cash flows (Bruner, Eades, Schill). And this is how Buffett evaluates his investments, asking will future cash flows provide an acceptable return on investment. caperThe primary problem in the Warren Buffett case study would be whether or not the intrinsic value of PacifiCorp. justifies Berkshire Hathaways bid price? Se condary problems presented include how does the PacifiCorp. acquisition stand up against Berkshires elephant only approach to investing? Thus, whether or not PacifiCorp.s acquisition would be able to advance Berkshires already staggering annual growth rate of 24%?AnalysisDrawing from the financial statements in the texts exhibits, PacifiCorp.s annual operating cash flows equaled $1.76 billion. Given this calculation, it would seem as though it would be a relatively short time before Berkshire Hathaway would accumulate enough value on the acquisition for them to receive an expedient return on their investment. The cost of lost opportunity is a philosophy of Warren Buffetts that also applies to this case (Bruner, Eades, Schill). By entering into the energy market with the acquisition of PacifiCorp., the firm can hopefully continue on their incredible growth rate trend. Without it, Berkshire would likely have eventually plateaued.RecommendationIt is advised that Berkshire Hathaway fo llow through with the acquisition of PacifiCorp. The firm will continue to speech rhythm large sums of cash flows through their company with this deal, therefore inducing growth and also adding intrinsic value to their firm. The firm also has a lot to gain by entering into the energy market, which already has a stronghold on American interests and adds diversity to their portfolio.

Jury of her peers Essay Example for Free

Jury of her peers EssayAfter the first reading1. What do the women think happened at the farm?The women thought Mrs. Wright might have murdered her own husband.After the second reading2. What is the apogee of the story (When in the story does the tarradiddle take a turn)?The storys climax is when at that place are more evidences compiled at the end (the dead bird, broken cage, abuse, marital oppression) this turns the story to Minnie Foster as a victim and not as a criminal. 3. How well does this story fit the model of the stages of narrative?The story shows all the stages of narrative in correct order (intro, rising action, climax, falling action) except that the certainty is left for the readers to think.4. What other things do you notice?The women were not allowed to be jurors but in this story, they outsmarted their husbands/men in collecting evidences that would point to who the victim and who the murderer was. The strongest evidences would be the abuse and loneliness exp erienced by Mrs. Wright and the sarcasm of how the bird and Mr. Wright were killed in the same way.5. What questions do you still have?Will the women tell their husbands/men what they see? Will the women stand up at the trial for the evidences?

The Vices and the Virtues of the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Vices and the Virtues of the tenderness Ages EssayThe meat Ages reflected a continuum of events that bulkyly influenced the way of living of the hoi polloi in Europe. It was a very long plosive speech sound of struggle among the social telles, invasion of barbarians, cross cultural influences, feudalism and its decline, famine, ravage, strong romish Catholic influence, serial publication of wars lasting for nigh a century, as well as the dawn of re physical composition and sympatheticism. Thus, it is very potent to conclude a graphic symbolicular value distinct in this era (Benton, 192).If we are going to equal Europe in its earlier days when the Roman empire fell as to the latter part when Europe began to experience reformation, we would definitely see a big difference. European civilization at the erupt of the Middle Ages was more chaotic and primitive. On the other hand, the latter part of the epoch was more still and new cook upions made the sees of pe ople easier and paved the way for urbanization (Benton 193). During the start of the Middle Ages, the Roman Empire was on the verge of collapse. It can be attributed to poor governance and illogical decisions of the Roman emperors.The government dwelled in any case much on rigorous military training and preparation for war off the beaten track(predicate)e. It had forgotten the other needs of its constituents such as food and proper education. There was a very slow development in burnish and arts as well as in trade. As a result, people lived in fear and submission. Their virtues were greatly influenced by war and survival. Evidently, they care less about human life and its worth (Benton 193). When the Roman Empire suffered from attacks and invasions from barbarians, most of the Roman heritage was devastated.Some Roman edifices were unnecessarily destroyed. There were series of migration from single area to another in search of a better place. During this time, only the strong an d victorious in war got the power to rule the pull down. Along with that, influences from other culture began to enter Europe that left remnants uniform the design of the architectural edifices. Since the people were weary of wars and fears of barbaric invasion, they seek citadel from someone who was cap sufficient to entertain them. Thus, the era of feudalism began. The hierarchy in the society was formed based on land ownership.The land was subdivided among feudal lords who would give protection and lease the land to the subject and in turn, the latter needed to mildew for the former. In this system, the feudal lords became very wealthy while the peasants became very poor. The wealthy lords became very abusive and prehensile towards their subjects while the latter at first were tolerant and submissive. In this system, only the rich and the powerful had inlet to a comfortable and abundant life. There was a big distinction between the wealthy and the poor. Thus, it was almo st impossible for peasants to improve their quality of life.The abuse of feudal lords sparked the revolt of knightly towns and formation of guilds that caused the decline of feudalism (Feudalism). Through the formation of guilds, a better system of governance was created. There was greater vehemence on human relations and alliance. People with the same expertise group together and formed guilds. The people were back up to enhance their craft. The system of trade and business improved during this time and a new class or level of society emerged (Benton 193). The influence of the Roman Catholic Church was placidly reflected on the lives of the medieval people.Their outlook in life and social relations were based on the teachings of the Church. People were encouraged to live a pious life. The Church also played a major role in the formation of formal schools and universities. Thus, a lot of people started to have a formal schooling. Thus a system of education began to form. Thus Eur ope began to learn and establish fundamental (Benton 193). I could say that wars, famine and plague infested Europe on the latter part of the century that adversely affected the lives of the people.Because of massive deaths, hunger and lasting wars, people tend to doubt the existence of God and the Catholic Church. It was aggravated by the abusive and greedy religious rulers that led to the revolt and mount up of different sects and religion. Thus, Christianity was divided and people have an alternate article of faith to believe. Liberal minds began to emerge. The wide give out epidemic made people become resourceful and determined in exploring the human anatomy and trying to find a cure for the disease.Thus, these series of unfortunate events probably served as a good driving force that made people appreciate humanity, thirst for more knowledge and invent things to improve the lives of the people (Benton 193). How have the Great stimulate, the Crusades, and the Spanish Inquisit ion influenced modern thought? The Great Plague caused massive devastation ever recorded in European history. It was the worst plague that caused the death of millions of people. It happened in 1665 when the Bubonic plague spread in Europe in the spring and summer.This disease, also known as the Black Death in England, was acquired from fleas and characterized by swelling of the gland, darkening of the skin accompanied with fever and skanky pain (Defoe). In the book muniment of plague in London (Defoe), the author Daniel Defoe placidly elaborated a great number of people who died in the disease as recorded in the parish and how it spread across Europe. The disease was widespread that it almost wiped off the population. (Defoe 9) I could say that this tragedy compelled great minds to research further the human anatomy.They tried to study how the human eubstance works and tried to find a cure to this disease. Our modern medicine will not be as advanced and effective as it is toda y without these rudiments. Through a series of disappointments and success, cures for a variety of disease were found. The importance of proper sanitization to prevent the spread of disease was also considered. The Crusaders were soldiers who vowed to protect the Christendom and the Holy Land. The period of their realm lasted for centuries. The helped protect the Roman Catholic Church against its opponents.It stirred up the people to defend their faith against the non-believers. They also traveled far to protect the Holy Land. The Crusaders acquired great influence and power that they were able to contribute a lot in the political structure, economy as well as socio-cultural heritage of the Western Civilization. To sustain the needs of the army, the Crusaders traveled far and wide and fostered trade in areas they visit. Thus, trade among areas in Europe began to develop until this day. Along with that, their great influence in politics might have led to the formation of a bureaucr atic government.During the voyage, they were able to find religious and cultural artifacts that enriched our modern history (The Crusades). The Spanish Inquisition was a period that occurred when the milkweed butterfly of Spain wanted to unify Spain in the Catholic religion. During those times, a lot of other religions thrived in Spain like Judaism and Islam. The rulers of Spain collaborated with the pope to perform an inquisition and get rid of non-Catholic believers in Spain. The government and Church authorities were given the privilege to conduct an investigation to identify the non-believers.This was a ruthless procedure that was more political rather than religious. It greatly influenced the culture and history of Spain. Their culture today still reflects the Catholic faith as well as their festivities and devotion. The abuse and havoc caused by the Spanish inquisition were some of the factors that stirred up revolt and rise of Protestantism and paved way for the separation of the Church and the State (The Spanish Inquisition). What were the vices and virtues of this relatively homogenous Christian European experience?During the Middle Ages, it can be noted that the Roman Catholic Church held the tooshie of power as they greatly influenced the beliefs and the moral standards of the people. Since the Church led the development of formal education, its main physique focused on religion. They set a standard of what is right and wrong thing to do. They have specify vice as a sin against the God and His people. It is an offense against the Absolute being. The repercussions of vices would be punishment after death. However, this can be absolved by penance through confession. The Church had identified series of vices that should be avoided.However, the list changed through time. The recent list that requires absolution from a priest includes gluttony, pride, envy, lust, anger, greed and sloth. Gluttony is acquire too much of what one can consume. Pride re fers to too much belief in oneself and failure to consider Gods authority. Envy refers to immoderate desire on what others have. Lust refers to the excessive desires of the body and sex. Anger refers to hatred and grudge against another person. Greed refers to the excessive craving for material things. Lastly, Sloth refers to excessive laziness.These are considered as the deadly sin because they cause the death of the soul (The Virtues and Vices in Medieval beau monde). Of course, the Church also exemplified a pious life through practice of virtues. These virtues were categorized into cardinal, theological, contrary, heavenly virtues and the corporeal works of mercy. It can be observed that there are seven in each. The Seven heavenly virtues were faith, hope, charity, fortitude, justice, temperance, prudence. The 7 The Seven Contrary Virtues were humility, kindness, abstinence, chastity, patience, liberality and diligence.The Seven Corporal Works of Mercy were also encouraged li ke giving food to the hungry people, offering a drink to the thirsty, sharing a shelter with the homeless, helping in burying the dead, spending time with the sick, enlightening the prisoners and giving clothes to the cold and naked. These were the virtues greatly encouraged by the Church up until this day (The Virtues and Vices in Medieval Society).Works CitedBenton, William. Middle Ages. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1971 ed. Crusades. On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies. 4 April 2009 http//www.the-orb. net/encyclop/religion/crusades/legacy. html Defoe, Daniel. History of the Plague in London. N. p n. p, 2005. The Spanish Inquisition. Koeller, David W. 5 May 1997. Western and Central Europe Chronology. 04 April 2009 http//www. thenagain. information/WebChron/westeurope/SpanInqui. html The Virtues and Vices in Medieval Society. Library of St. Nicholas. 4 April 2009 http//nicolaa5. tripod. com/articles/vice. html Feudalism. Vinogradoff, Paul. 1924. Cambridge Medieval Histor y. 4 April 2009 http//socserv. mcmaster. ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/vinogradoff/feudal

English speech legalising marijuana for medical reasons Essay Example for Free

English speech sub judiceising ganja for medical debates EssayEveryone has probably heard something ab fall out the ganja argument, where the drug is being used to athletic rewarder with pain relief for arsecer patients and in certain cases can assist in saving lives. If you harbourt heard, two thirds of the Australian population support legalising marijuana for medicinal purposes, others feel as though it shouldnt be legalised because it has a shun core group on the users actions. If medical marijuana was any other drug it would be formally assessed by the medical profession, but as the domain is so exceedingly opinionated this has non occurred. We all k right off that alcohol is a toxic warmheartedness for the body and its legal but marijuana is a natural substance and it is not legal cannabis oil has properties for helping with pain relief for a range of different conditions. Back in the 1950s scientists produced research which showed that smoking marijuana redu ced nausea and pain, making it highly effective in treating a range of conditions. Marijuana in its medicinal form is distributed as an oil which is used in food preparations. Take away the perception of the drug as race sitting around get high on marijuana and think about it as an alternative medical pain relief. I do not support marijuana as a recreation drug however, I support marijuana for medicinal purposes.Everyone assumes that all forms of marijuana are detrimental to your health and wellbeing and many people are unaware of the drugs medicinal values. With this lack of understanding many people cast a negative view towards medical marijuana. Everyone assumes marijuana to be bad and a gateway drug as it is highly publicied and many people are very unfamiliar with it. Marijuana is widely used in the dash quite similar to alcohol and is extremely toxic more(prenominal) addictive and harmful to the body which can result in injuries and can lead to social violence.People die from alcohol overdose, alcohol intoxication and can end up with serious brain damage. Along with alcohol, marijuana has a significant effect on the community, which influences 30% of our population to neither believe, nor support the usage for medical marijuana. Medical marijuana studies study shown that marijuana is neuroprotective which means it works to protect brain cells from harm. As a legal drug doctors would expect to prescribe medical marijuana to conclusionly ill people to reduce their pain, suffering and saving lives. Charotte Figis story demonstrates the benefits of medical marijuana.In 2006 Charlotte Figi suffered severely from untreatable epilepsy. By the beat she was two her parents had tried all medications in the attempt to cure her epilepsy. Her seizures started off by lasting 30 minutes when she was only 3 months old, the more frequently they became the longer they lasted, some lasting two to four hours. Doctors kept telling Mr and Mrs Figi that she would gro w out of it, but she didnt grow out of it. Mrs Figi said that when charlotte got to the age of 2 it was obvious to her that she was slipping away. In 2000 Colorado voters approved a setup of medical marijuana registry program. The Figis daughter had been diagnosed with Dravet syndrome which is a rare form of intractable epilepsy therefore the seizures being uncontrollable. Charlotte lost the ability to walk, talk and eat and had three hundred seizures a week.Charlottes heart had stopped a number of time and doctors even suggested they put her curt body to rest in an induced coma. Her parents did not tip over up on her and by the time she was 5 her parents learned that the hospital could do nothing more. Charlotte was the youngest patient in the state to ever devote to the use of marijuana but it saved her life. Her seizures almost stopped instantly, Charlotte didnt have seizures 3 to 4 times in the hour after she had taken the oil, and everyone thought it was a coincidence, they waited another hour and nothing. Charlotte is now takes marijuana oil twice a day in her food, she can now ride a bike, feed herself and talking more and more each day. The Figis would not have been able to give medical marijuana had Colorado not have had legalised medical marijuana. If you were in the position of this family wouldnt you have done the same thing?We should support the legalising of marijuana for medicinal purposes not for recreation use for the reason that the drug is saving lives and helping people though severe pain. It has been proven to help the brain bid off harmful cells and reduces pain and suffering. If you had a child, brother or sister that was suffering from a terminal disease would you not want to have access to medicinal marijuana oil By not legalising the drug for medicinal purposes, more lives are at risk every day.Bibliography drug Policy Alliance, (2015). How Did Marijuana force Illegal in the First Place?. online Available at http//www.drugpolicy .org/blog/how-did-marijuana-become-illegal-first-place Accessed 24 Mar. 2015. Drugwarrant.com, (2015). Drug WarRant. online Available at http//www.drugwarrant.com/articles/why-is-marijuana-illegal/ Accessed 24 Mar. 2015. Saundra Young, C. (2015). Marijuana stops childs severe seizures CNN.com. online CNN. Available at http//edition.cnn.com/2013/08/07/health/charlotte-child-medical-marijuana/ Accessed 24 Mar. 2015. Webmd.com, (2015). Medical Marijuana Treatment Uses and How It Works. online Available at http//www.webmd.com/pain-management/features/medical-marijuana-uses Accessed 24 Mar. 2015. Drug Policy Alliance, (2015). How Did Marijuana Become Illegal in the First Place?. online Available at http//www.drugpolicy.org/blog/how-did-marijuana-become-illegal-first-place Accessed 24 Mar. 2015.

Educators and their Perception on Children Essay Example for Free

Educators and their Perception on Children EssayStudies reveal that there has been an change magnitude degree of childhood contend behavior. On a survey made by Joseph et al (2003) as cited from Strain and Joseph (2004) revealed that 73% of educators perceived that children with challenging behaviors has been increasing. More importantly, educators give to a fault been affected by much(prenominal)(prenominal) an increase of challenging behaviors as 70% of them claimed that children with such make them feel stressed, while 60% say that it has a negative effect on their job satisfaction.Since challenging behavior has been increasing at present, such also has a negative effect on teacher turnovers. In relation with it, it has also been viewed that such a character of children has a significant relationship to the educators burn out and amount of complaints that they receive from the p atomic number 18nts. In consequence, the schools upper administration, tend to squeeze their budgets for a more costly approach and on the other hand, educators are being questioned of their efficiency.During the 1960s educators believed that the source of difficulties in their class primarily emerges from children with problem behaviors. As such, they tend to specify them as bad apples that could be removed in order to maintain a more prospering environment (Long et al, 1965) as cited from Strain and Joseph (2004). In fact studies of Joseph et al on 2003 revealed that 40% of educators reveal that they have removed students from their class for the past 12 months.Another problem that the educators experience is that they take the approach to children with challenging behavior as evident on their expression of frustration, anger, inadequacy, fear, guilt and stress (Strain and Joseph, 2004). In addition with this, respondents also reveal that they felt overwhelmed, undervalued and disrespected (Strain and Joseph, 2004). These feelings are clear indications that there are p roblems that the teacher inescapably to address.The educator needs to cope with these kinds of feelings in order to provide more self-control and rational thinking to be suitable to effectively address their students challenging behavior. Odom et al (1990) as cited from Strain and Joseph (2004) also found out that a teachers openness to adopt a new approach towards teaching children could also affect the rate in which children could go through with the problems that he or she is experiencing.It has also been perceived that the amount of work that the teachers have to handle could also impact how the way the handle children with challenging behavior. For teachers who have a lot of priorities and paperwork, to ask them to do one more thing further adds to their frustration. Teachers also argue that they dont have fair to middling training in order to deal with this type of children. These situations in addition to their relatively low takings are also determining factors of their negative attitude towards children with challenging behavior.

Security Domains and Strategies Essay Example for Free

gage acress and Strategies EssayPart 1 Multi-Layered Security PlanSecurity is a fundamental aspect of whatever net spring infrastructure. The goal is to always obtain the most up to date programs and protocols to en confident(predicate) the security of the network. No aspect is too sm entirely to over look. That could mean the battle between a secure network and a compromised network. The best way to achieve this is to break charge every level and approach each unmatched as a separate entity and secure it. then you chiffonier modify it to suit the needs of your network. We can start with the Application degree. The Application layer provides the larboard to the drug user. First the end user should be subjected to a background check to en original against all(a) electric potential malicious or questionable acts in the users past. Then the end user should be priggishly practised in the use of the computer and the proper protocols to access the network. Updates shou ld be made frequently to keep the user up to date. When the user is in the network, book sure that any un required devices, USB ports and any back doors atomic number 18 changed. You withal destiny to need sure that all in all files and emails and downloadable attachments be all thoroughly scanned prior to downloading. Finally, be sure to ensure subject atomic number 18a filtering, and re severe the end user to only what pertains to their primary function.The Presentation layer is responsible for encoding and decoding info that is passed from the application layer to another station on the internetwork. You must(prenominal) first ensure that all USB ports atomic number 18 disabled, as well as CD and DVD. This services to restrain any unauthorized uploads or downloads eviscerate sure that any devices that are not pertinent to the user are disabled as well. To prevent any downloads, use filtering and antivirus examine. Make sure that any external devices are not ut ilize unless proper authorization is obtained. Update all software agreement regularly and enable countersignature protection and screen lock out when the computer is inactive.The session layer is responsible for creating, managing and terminating sessions that are used by entities at the presentation layer. First you must secure the physical part by devising sure that your clo draws are secure under lock and key and video monitored as well. Make sure that you have an access list of personnel authorized into the closet and keep a log of all who access the closets. Use the highest key possible for all wireless access points. Finally, urinate sure that all the work stations are individually encrypted as well. You could use two forms of authorization at the users work station.The Transport layer implements reliable internetwork data transport services that are transparent to upper-layer protocols. First you want to disable ping, probing and port scanning on all the IP devices in t he LAN to queasy, this helps prevent phishing and trolling for open ports or any vulnerabilities in the network. you also need to make sure you disable all IP port numbers and monitor with intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems. You would also like to monitor all of the inbound traffic for any questionable items and book file air monitoring, scanning, and alarming for unknown files. Finally, you should continuously check for vulnerabilities and fix them when they are found, and ensure domain name content filtering is used to keep users on task.The Network layer defines routing services that allow multiple data connect to be combined into an internetwork. You should first restrict using the internet for private communications, set permissions to deny any social or streaming web sites or pages. Then put firewalls in place and contain Acceptable Use Policy in accordance to the RFC 1087 Ethics and the internet. Then get your ISP to put the proper filters on its IP rou ter interfaces. Finally, you should back up all data in an offline, and of site location. Be sure to scan all email attachments for possible threats to the network.The Data Link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical network wed. The Data Link layer also defines the physical network-addressing scheme, such(prenominal) as the MAC Address on network interface cards in a workstation attached to a LAN. First you should encrypt all confidential data transmissions through the service provider. You should also make sure that your access control lists are enabled and implement continuous SNMP alarms and security monitoring.The Physical layer defines the parameters necessary to build, maintain, and break the physical link connections. First set automatic blocking for attempted logon retries, this will help against dictionary attacks. You could also apply first-level and secondary level security for remote access to sensitive systems. Be sure to encrypt all private data w ithin the database or hard drive. Finally apply real-time lockout procedures if a token is lost or device is compromised.Part 2 Student SSCP Domain Research PaperThis is a multi-layered security plan. First, Assign people that are fully trained and/or provide the training that makes it possible to do the job. To prevent malicious software and etc. in the 7 domains of an IT infrastructure, you can isolate and install preventions for each domain. The domains are as follows User Domain, Workstation Domain, LAN Domain, and LAN to WAN Domain, contrary Access Domain, WAN Domain, and the System/Application Domain.The first part of the IT infrastructure is the User Domain. It is the weakest link in the IT infrastructure and this is where the users connect to the system. You can make the user aware to the risks and threats that they are susceptible to by holding an Awareness Training session. The system is password protected however you should change passwords every some months to prevent an attack. Also, log the users as they enter and exit the system to make sure theres no unauthorized access. While its the companys choice to allow employees to bring in USB/Removable drives, you have a threat to soul obtaining the wrong information, or getting malicious software into the system. If you allow the USB/Removable drives, have a virus scan every time someone inserts one into a company computer.In a Workstation Domain, you need to make sure virus protection is set up. You are protecting administrative, workstations, laptops, departmental workstations and servers, network and operating system software. You can enable password protection and auto screen lockout for inactive times, use workstation antivirus and malicious code policies, use content filtering and antivirus scanning at internet entry and exit, and update application software and security patches according to the policies and standards. You need to also make sure that the laptops are up to date on the anitivir us software.The LAN domain will have all the protocols for the users to make sure that they are authorized to access those areas. Make sure that the server rooms are locked and wireless access points are password protected. A LAN to WAN domain is where the IT infrastructure tie in to a wide area network and the internet. To prevent any problems make sure you apply strict security monitoring controls for intrusion detection, apply file transfer monitoring, and disable ping, probing and port scanning on all exterior IP devices within this domain and have an alert system when someone plugs in a removable media disk(since they are not allowed). If a problem occurs, fix it fully to make sure it doesnt happen again.In a WAN Domain, make sure to implement encoding and acceptable use policies. Scan all email attachments and prohibit the internet for private communication (if possible). Make sure security policies are being followed and every employee is in compliance and signs an acceptab le use policy. You can allow only access to the mainframe from the job site or on an acceptable laptop.For the Remote Access Domain, you need to focus on password attempts and encryption. First, you need to apply a user id and password. Then, shape the number of times that a user can enter his or her password before it locks out. Also, apply time lockout procedures on confidential data and make sure you encrypt also. Make sure you have qualified people doing their jobs correctly since they will have remote access to other peoples computers.In a System/Application Domain, it holds all the mission critical systems, such as, operating system software, applications, and data. To prevent any virus, malware, or unauthorized access into your system, apply a code of ethics, and implement everyday backups. Also, apply polices, standards, and guidelines for all employees who enter and exit the building, make sure all server rooms are secure and that only the people that have access to them are entering them.In conclusion, encryption is a big part of domain security, along with firewalls and doing virus and malware scans. As long as you cover the study aspects and security measures listed in this document, that will be a big plus for your company.

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Example for Free

Ashley palm Disseration EssayAshley Floyd Fields This dissertation examines the concept of misgiving in decisiveness-making by means of a belles-lettres check up on and a chew oer of measures within organizations. In the Literature round off, the nature and experience of the routine of a priori skills and abilities lease for be examined and discussed. investigate questions regarding the relationship between self-generated-type trendl processes and methods of thinking and decision-making ar considered. Finally, the Literature Review volition explore sensible and non-logical processing styles in decision-making and the organizational positioning which call for an intuitive feeler. apply a survey instrument, the body of work will examine group differences in measures for individuals having various positions and functions within a variety of organizations. Dr. Gary Saltons organizational engineering concepts (Salton, 1996) which are agreeable with the concept of hunch, provide the cogitate of this study. organisational Engineering differs from other theories by looking at cognizance as a phenomenon arising naturally from the discipline processing and decision-making methods and modes employed by individuals.The question question is Do various combinations of method and mode create results that are consistent with the findings other researchers leave deputed to intuition? The research question was tested by v interrelated hypotheses. Three hypotheses were designed to examine both the oxidizable Stimulator and comparative Innovator style fr feat and their proposed relationship to hierarchy. In addition, two hypotheses were designed to test look into Development, cultivation applied science, and Customer dish for the sexual intercourse level of intuition required to discharge these functional responsibilities effectively.All of the study hypotheses were found to perform as anticipated at a very high level of signifi foundat ionce. However, in possibility 2, the level of oxidizable Stimulator did vary systematically within leadership ranks. Ashley Floyd Fields In fact, individuals using an unornamented method (organization of info being input) and a legal opinion and/or action mode (character of intended re hand) would arrive at decision options which would non appear to follow any of the standard, logical, and/or existing processes.Thus, an outside perceiver would tend to assign the unforeseen idea as arising from some sort of insight process founded on intuition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While written material this dissertation, I continually thought of its beginning, when, in an intuitive moment, I decided to research the expenditure of sagacious and non- noetic thought processing within organizations. I believed then, and especially now, the topic would provide signifi give the sackt insight to the demeanor within organizations at the individual, group and organizational levels.The process I har bor gone through is non unlike what happens today in organizations. At various stages of development, I received a spectrum of responses, both supporting(a) and challenging. What I thought was cutting edge research some(prenominal) times felt like bleed edge because one of the characteristics associated with intuition is the inability to fully explain how you arrived at the answer being professed. Fortunately, as happens in organizations, knowledgeable individuals stepped forward and supported going forward with the research.At this time, I would like to gratefully acknowledge my committee members Dr. Ron Fetzer, Dr. William Snow, Dr. Bill Harrington, and Dr. Joe Balloun. For anyone who has been or is presently in a doctoral program, you know wrangling are inadequate to express appreciation for people who have dedicated themselves so that others, like myself, could extend to such a significant milestone as the completion of the research process. Another critical and author itative supporter of this work is Dr. Gary Salton. Dr.Salton exemplifies the intuitive practitioner who, years ago, began developing the concept of Organizational Engineering and compiling the database which became the basis for this research. His unselfish contri moreoverions enable us all to benefit from organizational insights to this research which can ease new methods and better results at all levels for organizational workers. Also during the course of researching and writing this dissertation, I have been blessed to have discussed this work soulfulnessally with individuals strong known in the landing fields of business, organizational development, and wobble management.I wish to thank the following people whose conversations were both encouraging and enlightening Dr. Weston Agor, Dr. Bill Taggart, Patricia Aburdene, Dr. Charles Garfield, Dr. Elliott Jaques, Dr. warren Bennis, and Sharon Franquemont. In addition, I wish to thank the individuals who have assisted me in v arious personal manners everywhere the years. Lest I should unintentionally leave one or two out, I say to them sincerely a good deal Thanks. Without you I know I would not have made it. As you read this, you will know in your hearts and minds who you are.Last but not least, I would like to express my kip down and appreciation for my family, who have sacrificed time and resources during both the course of study and the writing of this dissertation To my loving and verifying wife, Sharon, who wanted me to finish as much as I did to my children, Whitney and Geoffrey, who wondered if they would graduate high school earlier I completed my course of study and to my parents who, May They Rest in Peace, did not live to see this moment in time, at least not from here on earth.TABLE OF contents Page List of circumvents List of computes Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose of the lead Significance of the Study Theory/ facet of Theory Being visitationed investigate Question Definition of Terms Overview of Total Research Study 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of knowledge Major Theorists Researchers steering Oriented Research 28 instrumentation Summary 3. methodology Variables relational Innovator Dimension assumption 1 Reactive Stimulator Dimension scheme 2 Organizational Level venture 3 Relational Innovator/ Reactive Stimulator conjecture 4 Hypothetical analyser/ Logical Processor supposition 5 I-OPTTM Instrument Database Subjects Population Instrument cast Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Data Analysis Environment Summary 4. ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS conjecture adept speculation Two guess Three 1 1 1 2 7 7 8 9 9 10 18 40 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 54 55 55 57 59 59 60 60 63 67 ix xi conjecture Four Hypothesis Five Summary 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overview of Significant Findings Limitations of this Study Implications for Human Resource Management Professionals Recommendations for Future Research Conclusions Appendix A. I-OP TTM SURVEY B. THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY C. PERMISSION LETTER D. CLASSIFICATION OF HIERARCHICAL LEVELS REFERENCES CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 78 82 83 83 85 85 88 90 91 93 96 98 101 108 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10A. 10B. 11. 12. 13. 14A. 14B. 15. 16. 17A. 17B. 18. 19. 20A.Instruments Measuring Intuition Examples of Work Groups in the Database Types of Industries/Areas Included in Database Organizational Distribution of Experts Occupational Positions of Experts educational Achievements of Experts Statistical Results of Hypothesis 1 Relation of Hierarchical and Relational Innovator Levels Statistical Results of Hypothesis 2 Relation of Hierarchical and Reactive Stimulator Levels Mann-Whitney Test Results of Hypothesis 2a attractions versus the Population in Reactive Stimulator range Hypothesis 2 Leader median(a) and correspond Reactive Stimulator Results Hypothesis 2 Population medialand Mean Reacti ve Stimulator Results Non-Parametric Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3 Relation of Hierarchical Position to Conservator specimen Levels Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3 Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3 Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Hypothesis 3 Population Conservator Pattern descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 3 Leader Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4 qualifier Comparison of Research Development and Information Technology Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4Changer Pattern Comparison of Information Technology and Research Development Functions Hypothesis 4 Mean Research Development Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 4 Mean Information Technology Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5 Conservator Comparison of Popul ation and Customer Service Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5 Conservator Pattern Comparison of Customer Service And Population Hypothesis 5 Mean Customer Service Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Page 40 52 53 58 58 59 61 63 66 66 67 68 70 71 72 72 74 75 76 76 79 80 80 20B. 21.Hypothesis 5 Mean Population Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hierarchical Distribution of LeaderAnalysisTM Database 80 cytosine LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6A. 6B. 7A. 7B. 8A. 8B. 9A. 9B. 10A. 10B. 10C. 11A. 11B. 11C. Basic Information yarn-dye Model Large carapace De margininants of Information touch on Method Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing Mode Summary of Strategic Patterns Maslows hierarchy of Needs Hypothesis 1 Median heaps by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 1 Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2 Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2 Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3 Median Scores by Hierarchi cal Rank Hypothesis 3Mean Scoresby Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3 Median Score by Population and Leader Hypothesis 3 Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Leader Hypothesis 4 Changer Pattern Median Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4 Changer Pattern Percent of Cases above Median by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4 Changer Pattern Mean Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 5 Median Scores by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5 Mean Scores by Population and Customer Service Page 3 3 4 8 16 62 62 64 65 69 69 72 73 76 77 77 81 81 82 CHAPTER 1 Introduction This study examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a literature review and study of measures currently being used within organizations.Human behaviorists have examined why the performance of some people substantiate them to the top while others around them remain in lower levels of the organization. They have considered situations such as, given the same information, one soul completes a problem-solving process much sooner than another with nearly the same responses and wondered how that happened.This research wayes on the relationship between intuitive thought, organization level and function. It explores the use of intuition in decision-making and the organizational conditions which call for an intuitive approach. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to determine the systematic use of intuitive skills and abilities in business organizations.Management research historically has been biased toward the analytical process in decision-making. This rational approach has been more(prenominal) popular as the preferred and acceptable method for studying management practices. alternative un merged methods have been ignored or labeled irrational in the negative sense.However, since this studys focus is centered on working adults, judgment can be reached using other non-logical thought processes such as intuition, which take into account years of expertise, considerable introspection, and/or informal rules learned over time. This study identifies major theorists and their opinions and findings, as well as their sources of learning. However, no attempt is made toexhaustively list all sources referencing the theories and studies related to intuition.Primary examination is given to twentieth century researchers, although earlier authors of prominence are noted in selected cases. Significance of the Study Eisenhardt (1989) linked rapid decision-making to such characteristics as decisive, operations-focused, hands on, and instinctive. Therefore, profligate decision-making is linked to effective performance. As an example of behavior linked to fast decisionmaking, Eisenhardt found executives gathered authentic time information on firm operations and the competitive en vironment which resulted in a deep, intuitive grasp of the business.This intuitively-based netherstanding translates into improved business performance. Many managers report using intuition in their decision-making, in spite of the deeply rooted bias against non-rational methods (Agor, 1984a Agor, 1984b Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974 Isaack, 1978 Mintzberg, 1976 and Rowan, 1986).Reports of managers use of intuition ranges from inferential processes, performed under their own preexisting database (Agor, 1986a,b,c,d) to acceptance and use of predictive abilities (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). Successful decision-makers have been found to have great predictive abilities (Cosier and Alpin, 1982 and Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974).However, many managers remain unwilling to acknowledge their use of intuition, fearing negative responses from their colleagues (Agor, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d). Additional researchers who influence this s tudy are Barnard (1968), Vaughan (1979), Hermann (1981), Isenberg (1984), Simon (1987), and Parikh (1994). This study seeks to redefine intuition in a form which is acceptable to the rationalistic school and yet accommodates the bookish but more inferential approaches.The study explores the use of intuition in an extensive cross region of people in organized environments. Theory/Aspect of Theory Being Tested Gary Salton (1996) developed the Organizational Engineering theory as a way of measuring and predicting the behavior of interactive groups of people.In Saltons theory, human beings are regarded as information processing organisms, by which, the human is bound to the Input-Process-Output model (Figure 1) joint to all information processors, regardless of their format. INPUT PROCESS Figure 1 Basic Information Processing Model (Salton, 1996, p. 9) OUTPUT Saltons (1996) theory proposes the type of information sought and the intended direction of the getup predetermines processin g behavior.For example, if the subject does not collect detail in the input phase of the process, his output will not plausibly be tightly grammatical constructiond, logical, precise, or optimal relative to the issue being addressed. Rather, token(prenominal) output will probably result. In effect, therefore an individual using an opportunistic strategy obtains rush of response at the price of precision.Saltons (1996) theory maintains an input-process-output model is largely governed by two large-scale factors method and mode, which are conceived as continuums. Method (Figure 2) governs the character of input. At one end of the continuum is what Salton calls an unpatterned method. employ the unpatterned strategy, an individual simply acquires whatever information is quickly available and appears relevant to the issue at hand. UNPATTERNED STRUCTURED An Available Way Convenient Expedient Opportune Spontaneous METHOD (INFORMATION ORGANIZATION) A Predefined Way Template Formula Sc heme Pattern Map Figure 2 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing Method (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49).The other end of the method continuum (Salton, 1996) is defined as a buildingd methodology. Here the individual has some form of structure and attempts to apply it to acquire information, which appears relevant to the issue at hand. An individual can move to any point on the continuum trading speed, precision, understanding and certainty of essence with every increment along the scale. Salton (1996) defines the other large-scale characteristic as mode. This is visualized as well as a continuum (Figure 3) ranging from thought on one polar extreme to action on the other. Salton defines thought not as a cognitive activity but rather as an intermediate result.Therefore, under Saltons definition, a plan requiring many hours of physical activity and which might fill reams of paper will til now be considered a thought based response. It is intermediate. It has no effect on the outside world or the issue being addressed until it is acted upon. Action (Salton, 1996) is the other end of the mode continuum. Here, the subject acts directly to affect the issue in question. This action whitethorn or may not have been preceded by thought as defined by Salton. From this perspective of intuition theory, action can be seen as a more decisive, aggressive, or positive response by an external perceiver. Thought, on the other hand, appears to the outside observer to be more rational, reflective, or coherent.Therefore, a subject tending to favor the action end of Saltons continuum will tend to be seen as decisive, operations-focused, and hands-on. These characteristics were associated with people employing intuitive strategies (Eisenhardt, 1989). THOUGHT ACTION An Intermediate bar Plans Assessments Evaluations Judgements Advise Counsel MODE (DIRECTION FOR USE OF INFORMATION) A Direct Effect on the Issue under Consideration Initiative Intervention Act Execution Fi gure 3 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing Mode (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49) These basic components of Saltons theory carry major implications for the study of intuition theory. different combinations of method and mode produce behaviors paralleling the behaviors attributed to intuition.For example, a person using an unpatterned approach appears to an outside observer to be following a more intuitive strategy. There appears to be no logical structure to the information required. The logic exists, but it is in the mind of the subject and concerns the potential relevance of information to the particular issue being addressed. If questioned, the subject may or may not be able to readily articulate why a particular element of information was selected. The outcome of this process is entirely consistent with rapid decision-making, displaying characteristics that are considered instinctivea phenomenon often attributed to intuition (Eisenhardt, 1989).The use of the unpa tterned end of Saltons continuum also produces results consistent with Clarks (1973) view, since the person will not know how he knows what he knows. The mode element of Saltons theory also has implications for intuition theory.The thought side of Saltons continuum focuses primarily on intermediate steps (study, assessment, evaluation, etc. ), many of which are not observable. Therefore, a person using an unpatterned method and thought mode may experience intuitive insights not visibly displayed. A person using an unpatterned method with an action mode, save, will show behaviors an observer can readily attribute to intuition. Inputs potentially useful to address the issue at hand are quickly acquired and promptly applied.A portion of these will successfully address the issue at hand and may be detect by others who interact with the decision-maker. These outsiders may comment on the decision-makers insight, further establishing or reinforcing the decision-makers self-conception as being intuitive. An example may help illustrate this situation.Consider a situation in which a person uses an unpatterned method to address a particular issue, such as when an executive interacts with the carte du jour of Directors or with special interest groups. The person would begin indiscriminately seizing information, to help resolve the issue. If the person is also using an action mode, he will tend to apply the information without hesitation. If it works, the search is over.If it does not, he or she returns to the environment, picks up another piece of information, and cycles through the process again. The indiscriminate acquisition of information increases the fortune of discovering an improbable but valid way of addressing the issue. In other words, by not following an completed structure, the person increases the odds of a serendipitous discovery or of a previously unrecognized approach to resolve a problem. This type of resolution is easily attributable to insight or intuition since it is unexpected and not readily attributable to an obvious antecedent. Intangible concepts like intuition may be the substantial stimulus.Because research in information acquisition is limited as well as in formulation the application, the cycles can occur very rapidly. The use of the action mode increases the probability an individual will repeatedly demonstrate intuitive-type results in a manner visible to others. This often-observed style or behavior in turn suggests an essential quality. Hence, the person is considered to be intuitive. Similarly, method and mode operate in a continuum thus, people would exhibit degrees of intuition. However, the more committed a person is using an unpatterned method for information acquisition, the more likely they will display behavior attributable to intuition, and whom others will describe as using an intuitive strategy.The focus on this combination of method and mode is similar to other thinkers in the field. For example, many issues addressed at the senior executive level do not have a readily identifiable structure of information acquisition. Some have parameters encouraging thought based (i. e. , intermediate) responses, while others will require neighboring(a) action/reaction. Therefore Salton suggests executives will use both nonlogical and logical methods in the conduct of their ordinary personal businessjust as Barnard (1968) also proposed and Agor (1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d) confirmed. Salton does not directly address intuition in his research because his focus is on the interactive behavior people use in group activity.Other theorists and researchers have relied on psychologically based processes, which are not readily visible to external observers. However, as demonstrated above, Saltons theory can readily serve as a vehicle for integrating the works of nine-fold authors who have written extensively on intuition. In addition, Saltons theory has the merit of using ratio-scaled variables that allow people to express degrees of commitment to one or another strategy (i. e. , method and mode) which can be measured and tested. This study proposes the behavior a person exhibits using unpatterned information acquisition methods and action-based output modes will be consistent with the work found by numerous intuition theorists.This study also proposes the use of these strategies (unpatterned method, action mode) will be systematically exhibited in a manner consistent with the findings of others. Research Question This study will focus on the following research question with regards to management decision-making and the use of intuition Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? Definition of Terms Organizational Engineering theory adopts a set of variables useful in describing the operation of the theory. This section defines these, as well as other terms applied in this study.Intuition A way of perceiving which relies on relationships, meanings, and possibilities beyond the reach of the conscious mind (Myers and McCaulley, 1985) and includes behavioral attributes (Brown, 1990). A way of knowing in which we often do not know how we know what we know (Vaughan, 1979). Hypothetical Analyzer One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Logical Processor One who processes information with an sway for the action mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Reactive Stimulator One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using unpatterned methods (Salton, 1996). Relational Innovator One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using unpatterned method (Salton, 1996).Changer This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Reactive Stimulator (Salton, 1996). Conservator This orientation pattern combines the styles of Logical Processor and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Perfector This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Performer This orientation pattern combines the styles of Reactive Stimulator and Logical Processor (Salton, 1996). Figure 4 (Salton, 1996) illustrates the various combinations and their resulting strategic patterns, given different primary and secondary strategic profiles. PATTERN Changer Conservator Performer Reactive Stimulator (RS) Logical Processor (LP) Figure 4 Summary of Strategic Patterns.Perfector Relational Innovator (RI) Hypothetical Analyzer (HA) Overview of Total Research Study Chapter 2 reviews the findings of major authors in the field of intuition research and forms the foundation for the testable hypotheses to be used to examine the research question. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Intuition is a relatively new subject of academic interest. Literature on the subject, particularly on its use in decision-maki ng did not become prevalent until the early 1970s (Argyris, 1973a, 1973b Clark, 1973 Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, Schroeder, 1974 Jung, 1971 Leavitt, 1975a, 1975b Livingston, 1971 Mintzberg, 1973, 1975, 1976 and Simon, 1977).These works, along with research in the 1980s, incorporated intuition related literature and research prior to the 1970s and as far fundament as the 1950s (Riggs, 1987). This research study concentrates specifically on the research literature as it relates to the use of intuition in decision-making among organization managers and executives. Various organizational environments are examined in the literature review and thus, may be reasonably considered an overview of the subject. This research is class into two categories (1) theoretical developments concerning the concept of intuition, and (2) survey studies supporting the come before for using intuition in decision-making.The overview provides information on the use of intuition in business organizations as a function of leadership and decision-making and explores various well- established methodologies as well as those still in development. Definition of Intuition The term intuition is defined as knowing something instinctively a realm of being aware of or knowing something without having to discover or perceive it. (Encarta, 1999). Intuition is seen as an innate capacity not directly accessible by considering the process which gives rise to a judgment or action involving it. Thus, intuition seems to be a residual process accommodating whatever cant be explained by other means. The literature reflects the inherent lack of obvious conceptual framework for the term intuition.Some of the alternative descriptors are ESP, psi, judgment, insight, and gut feelings (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974) hunch (Barnard, 1968) extrasensory perception (Leavitt, 1975b) non-rational (Cohen and March, 1974) recognition (Goldberg, 1983 Ray and Myers, 1986), and edge (Tichy, 1997). Such non-specific definitions suggest that different authors and researchers could be describing different processes or even measuring different phenomenon. Conversely, experts could be referring to the same phenomenon with different labels.Major Theorists This study attempts to capture the value of various theorists approaches by focusing on the central contribution of each, and how these compare or contrast to Organizational Engineering theory. Theorists are often classified as personality based such as Jung or transpersonal based such as Vaughan.The more classical theorists approach view intuition as a distinct pattern of thought from the rational mode (Jung, 1971), while the transpersonal theorists approach considers the integration of rational and intuitive approaches and considers them both valid and separate, as well as complementary (Goldberg, 1983 Vaughan, 1979) One of the most important figures to focus on the concept of intuition is Carl Jung. His theory of psychological types is the basis for the development of the widely used Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Kroeger and Thuesen, 1992).Jungs theory of intuition suggests intuition is a psychological function present in all people to varying degrees and is manifested in personality types. Jung defines intuition as a perception and comprehension of the whole at the expense of detail attributable to unconscious process.Intuition is thus viewed as a cognitive function outside the commonwealth of reason and given consideration whenever established rational or other cognitive concepts do not work. In short, it is the perception of reality in which the intuitive knows, but does not know how he knows (Clark, 1973). Later, Jung broadens his thoughts on personality types by introducing the concept of synchronicity, which further helps to explain intuitive-type feelings and visions not attributable to coincidence (Rowan, 1986). Jung uses such phrases for intuition as hunches, inspiration, and insight to proble m-solving methods, all of which reflect little patience for detail or routine (Behling and Eckel, 1991). Vaughan (1979) describes ivlevels of intuition physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. The theorists, writers and researchers describe intuition in both psychological and physiological terms. Intuition experienced through physical levels includes bodily sensations such as tension or discomfort. This is not to say except that every bodily sensation indicates an intuitive message, but these physical symptoms can be used for self-awareness, as well as a source of warnings and signs. Emotional intuitive messages take several forms, such as liking or disliking something or someone for no apparent reason, feeling the need to perform an action or do something, and sensing energy levels in oneself or others.Emotional level intuition can be used to deepen ones self-awareness and to understand others (Vaughan, 1979). The mental level of intuition is typically experienced as images or ideas. It may appear as the perception of patterns, insights, or images, especially in problem-solving situations. Intuition at the mental level can be used to trigger creativity, explore problem-solving areas not previously mined, and to enhance learning (Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition does not rely on sensations, feelings, or thoughts. In fact, these are considered being distracters at the spiritual level (Blackwell, 1987 Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition is a means for meliorate self-awareness and transpersonal experiences.Vaughan does not clarify whether a single intuition mode is responsible for all four types or whether unique factors exist for each type. This generality suggests Vaughan is defining taxonomy rather than a theoretical specification which can be tested and validated through scientific methods. Saltons Organizational Engineering theory however does account for all facets of Vaughans taxonomy. Saltons theory focuses on inputs and outputs, regardless of the source or the outcome. Vaughans physical, emotional, mental or spiritual intuitive factors can be accounted for with equal facility. Saltons Organizational Engineering theory argues intuition is the result of a single process.Therefore, there is no operational need to make up ones mind the source or destination of the input-output chain (Salton, 2000). Vaughans approach may be of value in describing intuition but it is not suitable to test the concept. Like Vaughan, Salton is indifferent to the source of the input providing the sign drive toward an external response. Further, Salton makes no judgment about the value, or lack of value, of these explanations. The rational approach to intuition accepts the notion that the human mind has alternative methods of processing information and these methods influence behaviors. For example, Jung posits four independent but interacting categories of cognition intuition, thinking, feeling, and sensing. Each of these cate.