Aluminum smelter in South Africa Essay

We recommend you do not build this new Greenfield firsthand aluminium smelter in South Africa. In order to achieve a 15% ROI on your coronation, you require a long-term average terms of $1500 for aluminum. We have estimated that necessary for primary aluminum in 5 years will be at $20bn, which will support a market value of nearly $1490.This heavily builds on the assumption that aluminum inventories will be zero in by that time, which depends on a successful implementation of the international memo of Understanding. Historic all(prenominal)y these non-binding agreements have been very hard to enforce, and so a scenario where put up is far greater than demand is likely, leading to large inventories and lower prices. It is because of this incredulity that we recommend you do not build the plant. Back-up calculations1.ROI calculation Given investment cost of $1.6bn, full capacity of 466,000 t/year and an ROI requirement of 15%, we calculated that you require a price of $1,500 per ton of aluminum.2.In the short run, all smelters need to cover variable costs, which include electricity, alumina, other material costs and freight cost. In the long haul, they need to cover total costs. a.The current price ($1,100) covers variable costs for 20 million tons of capacity the long-run price will have to be higher. b.Smelters may hesitate to subdue down production of individual pots, as this will still detect costs of labour or other non-material costs, as wellhead as additional costs in having to rebuild and reline the pots. c.Not all producers ar subject to the same pressures, e.g., variable costs differ significantly mingled with different smelters (different size, efficiency, tax breaks, power agreements). Government-run facilities may have more fiscal support due to their social role in addition to sensitive production, such as securing raw materials supply for domestic industries, as well as providing jobs for local communities.3.Given a CAGR of 2% per year, we estimate total aluminum demand to be 27 million tons in 1998. assuming that inventories are zero, and primary demand accounts for 74% of total supply, this would imply primary demand of 20 million tons.4.To produce 20 million tons, the price would be around $1,490 per ton. 5.The reduction in inventories and stabilization of the price level depends on the success of the MoU. Other producers may not look favourably on you opening a new smelter when they have had to brush off down on production.

Diamond International Co-Corporation Essay

I. Executive SummaryDiamond world-wide company (DIC) is maven of the leading suppliers in the country. It is a trading federation that imports thermoplastic (PVC) pipes, values and fittings. By 1990, the company has already grown to much(prenominal) than 50 employees. The company has identified its three major marketing areas projects and major accounts, branches and dealership. It is also the major competitor in marketing exalted-precision screws and bearings needed by the semicon industryII. Point of View (POV)President of the Diamond International CorporationIII. Time ContextAround the time when the company placed Mr. Robert Cruz macrocosm in-charge of the over-all shop operation of the ABC Steel Company and was appointed as the new shop manager. The same time when the companys product backlog has reached its proportions that will lead to the halt of businesses with other companies. From the point of get word of the new shop manager, the company may go bankrupt in fiv e months time if the company keeps paying penalties.IV. Statement of the ProblemTo particularize symbolise and future manpower requirements of the organization in coordination with planning and trade analysis activities.V. Objectives1.To address the fair and justifiable hiring and selection of the future employees of the company.2.To cleanse the working behavior of the employees and increase coordination in every aspect of their work.VI. Areas of thoughtfulnessBy 1990, the company has already grown to more than 50 employees. It is direct one of the leading suppliers in the country. It imports thermoplastic (PVC) pipes, valves and fittings. DICs main backup is the semiconductor industry. It included Splash Island in Laguna as one of its major projects. It has a standing inventory of Php 15m+ located at its store in Las Pinas. DIC is also a major competitor in selling high-precision screws and bearings needed by the semicon industry. The sales from this area constitute 10 to 1 5 percent of the companys profits.Opportunities1.The companys assurance of the sustainment of quality2.Improved productivityThreats1.Company backlogs2.Shortage of skilled manpowerVII. Assumption1.The organizational body structure of the management creates discord in the powerful operations of the company. 2.No effective HR program is present to handle the companys manpower. 3.No harmony is present within the management, operations, production and logistics of the company.VIII. Alternative Courses of Action (ACA)1. Team Building knowing for improving police squad mental processadvantagesa. encourage both individual and team development and improvement. b. helps individual to focus on group goals to accomplish more beneficial tasks. c. helps individual in decision making process. d. helps each employees to measure their personal effectiveness and strengths.disadvantagesa. difficulty in tasking the performance of an individuals role in a team. b. coordination costs are very hig h (team building as a management has to spend a percentage of costs.)2. Monitor the performance of each employeeadvantagesa. targeted staff development good performance management system can be positive way to signalize developmental opportunities.b. rewards staff for a job well done.c.allows employees growthd. cater an opportunities to discuss issues and clarify expectations with their managers.disadvantagesa. Time consumingb. Biases occur when it comes to performance paygrade that lead to difficulty in assessing ones work performance.IX. shoemakers last and RecommendationsThe management should develop a just and fair hiring of their employees. They should follow the allot guidelines for the recruitment process so that they can hire the best candidates having the repair potential for a particular position.X. Plan of Actiona. The HR department should develop a new strategy that will help them to assess the work performance of each employees. b. Everyone should be aware of th e recruitment process. arrest all staff involved with the recruitment and selection of staff are trained and aware of your recruitment policy and have the skills to ensure its effective implementation.

Despite ongoing changes in society, sexism still remains a burning issue

Discriminating in party favour of members in one sexual activity assuming a persons abilities and social position ar predetermined by his or her sex. Definition of sexism interpreted from the Oxford incline Dictionary.Sexism today is e very(prenominal)where. Our party is highly male chauvinist. 1, an organized community a agree workforcet of living in this. 2 people of the higher social classes. 3 company, companionship. 4 a group organized for a common purpose.(also taken from the Oxford English Dictionary), the definition of indian lodge, meaning simply states the society as it would be as if it is ideal, exactly it is far from it if we looked at it from a sex activity researchers come out of view.Times argon changing our society is not as sterile as it has been in the past. There have been many changes in society to reduce sexism. In 1918 women fin wholey won the right to vote later on fifty-two years of campaigning. In the end women had to resort to methods of viol ence sound to fight for the same rights as men.In Victorian times writers ( in the main men) were mesmerised by the idea of an ideal woman. She was a very desirable beast innocent but sensual, passive but alert, and continuously obedient to men. Her prey in life was to be a patient and attentive wife, a loving and affectionate mother. Family was everything to her. (taken from H unmatcheder English 4, Victorian Women.)This shows us estimable how limit minded the society was back in Victorian times. Also womens achievements in history atomic number 18 not publicised as such(prenominal)(prenominal) as mens if atall they ar today, but not as much as they should doIn the English language on that point atomic number 18 oodles of male chauvinist words, for example the word history. This word history implies that all of the past is to do with men and not women. Human is also a sexist word and so is woman, both of those words contain man. Here is a list of well-nigh sexist w ords in the English language human, history, woman, mankind, Walkman. As we put forward see the English language is very man dominated. When people talk of perfection, He is wrote nearly and not She or It. He is always referred to as a male. The Bible itself is sexist, And God said, let us make MAN. With women appearing as an helpmate.All the sexism in language which is used to offend the same sex is of an opposing sex nature. For example men bring down other men girls if they are not as capable as they are in something, for example sports. There is a video intimately sexism and at the offset printing of it the words girls dont swear came up in big bold lettering, which is clearly not true, society theorises females cannot be as grotesque as men but obviously they can.It seems to be acceptable for men to swear but if a women does it, she is sinned upon. On television programs which have chap contained in them, mostly all of it is scripted to the males, and the women do not have hardly any swearing scripted to them. It also seems that women are not treated with as much respect as men are.If a woman is blonde they are thought to be dumb, whereas a blonde man would not withal be thought to be dumb.In the past women were not in time entitled to the right to a free breeding, this changed in the middle of the 19th century, but black women were not entitled to a free education until the middle of the twentieth century. This shows us that women did not have as much respect as men and that still carries on today, but not as severely.Women are thought to stay at home and realize while the husband is at work. This is changing now partly because on that point is a considerable amount of male chefs on television.Young girls are thought to be very delicate, and are sop up as food, whereas girlish boys are thought to be rough and dirty and are described as animalsGirlsSugar and spice and all things nice, thats what little girls are make ofBoysSlugs and snail s and puppy dogs tails, thats what little boys are made ofClearly whoever wrote these little sayings had a very narrow mind, and the time in society in which these were wrote was very narrow-minded.When women are described as food they are described as sweet foods such as crumpets and honey.When women are described as animals they are described as animals which are thought as to be miserable and medalling cow, minx, dog. Men are never described as food, but they are described as animals which are thought to be dirty and execrable slugs, snails.Men are very rarely described as sex activity but women are quite commonly. Some of the words which describe women as sexuality are tramp, dyke, lesbian,slag, tit, slut, whore, hooker.There are no words that describe men as sexuality, but it offends men to be called a woman.This implies that women are thought to be considerably weaker than men.Even middle-aged men call each other little girls if they are not as unafraid as another, for exa mple.You cannot call a man the same names as a woman can be called e.g. slag which is very sexist.Men brag, gender is about power.Many people think when bilk boys play with cars and when baby girls play with dolls it is nature.It could be nature but most things which are remark into babies are from their parents, so it is most likely to be nurture. Also with babies it is anticipate that boys where blue and girls wear pink, if a boy wears pink people automatically think it is a girl and visa versa, it just shows how predigest our society is.The same applies for older males and females.Girls can wear trousers but boys cannot wear skirts, that is extremely sexist.Childrens books mainly aim themselves at the different genders simply by their titles. Ms Muffet is supposed to be for girls, and Fireman Sam is supposed to be for boys.The media is extremely sexist, first of all of all starting with themes.At the beginning of every issue of The cheer, there is a half naked woman. Never a man, always a woman. Also the whole newspaper is aimed at men, the newspaper concentrates on women, and male dominated sport. Womens sport is never publicised on television, piano tuner or in the newspaper. This could be because, it does not have an interest in peoples fits.Newspaper articles are sexist in many ways, and in mostly all the newspapers which are sold.An article in The Daily Mail publicised on Thursday, February, 24th, 2000, was about women making men redundant i.e. women working instead of staying at home doing housework. The article also comments on how men are taking womens roles, Everywhere we look these days, we see the complete feminisation of men.The Daily Star newspaper is also aimed at men.It has countless pictures of women (clothed and un-clothed), male dominated sports and adverts for mens magazines. In one particular issue, (Saturday, September, 28, 2002), there was an article supposed to be about a golfer, but was mostly about his girlfriend, Tiger W oods gorgeous girlfriend Ellin Nordegren.Another article in The Evening Echo publicised Wednesday, February, 2nd, 2002, was about a woman who worked in a post office who had to battle just for the right to wear trousers, they can wear trousers and will not now be facing a disciplinary hearing. This quote shows just how sexist our society is, women having to battle just to wear trousers.On television there are mostly male newsreaders though sometimes on the odd occasion there might be a man and a woman reading it together. The news on television, again only reports on male dominated sports with a female presenter, which shows who the sports are aimed at.I think our society is extremely sexist, but it is getting better, we have moved on very far since the Victorian times. But some people live their lives in the past and are a lot more sexist than others.

In Tim O’Brien Essay

In Tim OBriens How to Tell a True War Story, the author tries to humanize contend by letting the reader cognise how absolutely difficult recounting a contend bilgewater is. He does this by giving many an(prenominal) unsolicited pieces of advice about how to tell a true warfare story, however many of them directly contradict each other or do non make sense when comp ared side-by-side. In giving these pieces of advice, he is excessively telltale(a) war stories that either do or do not fit his own criteria. And yet, he humanizes the people involved in combat this war by giving the reader these lessons.One great congresswoman of this is when he tells the story of discover Kiley and Lemmons. OBrien begins by telling the reader that a true war story is never clean-living(OBrien). He continues with, If at the end of a war story you sapidity uplifted, and so you project been made the victim of a very grey and terrible lie (OBrien). Then he tells us first the story of Rat K iley writing this earn to the sister of his best booster who died. Kiley pours his heart out to this woman and she never writers back, and he has a derogatory comwork forcet about the sister.This certainly is not uplifting, entirely Rat Kiley has been humanized. The reader push aside somewhat imagine writing this letter and actualizes what it would take to write a letter kindred this, and then to have it unacknowledged. While OBrien tells us al close to nothing directly of the acknowledg workforcet of Rat Kiley, the reader learns mounds of information about his character nonetheless. OBrien continues on to tell us about the death of Lemmons, and then he explains that pull down his own telling of the story is subjective.What he thinks he saw versus what big businessman have actually happened are two different things. We didnt know Lemmons, just now again, we feel like we know something of his character from hearing this story. OBrien is able to provide such beautiful or not so beautiful characterizations of these workforce without really telling the reader anything. But these hands are humanized for us. They are not statistics in a war they are real custody. Another lesson OBrien teaches is that In a true war story, if in that respects a moral at all, its like the thread that makes the cloth.You cant tease it out. You cant paint a picture the meaning without unraveling the deeper meaning. He tells us that true war stories do not generalize but they make us feel it in our stomachs. We cant generalize to something simple like War is hell. He then tells us another story of Rat Kiley when he soft slaughters the water buffalo. The reader is horrified, but also at some take construes why Rat Kiley did this. The water buffalo becomes a figure of the breakdown during war itself. The incredible need for violence and retribution is strong.It is a horribly sad story of the slaughter of an animal. But based on what we already know about just what Rat K iley has been through, we understand him on some gut level. War is hell, but it is also arcanum and beauty. Though its odd, youre never more alive than when youre almost dead. The reader can understand this and understand the characters better because of it. These men are not monsters they are just men.They are advertizeing a terrible war and are forced to do terrible things, but they are human. At the hour of dusk you sit at your fox hole and look out on a wide river turning pink red, and at the mountains beyond, and although in the morning you must cross the river and go into the mountains and do terrible things and whitethornbe, die, counterbalance so, you find yourself studying the fine colors on the river, you feel wonder and awe at the setting of the sun, and you are change with a hard, aching love for how the world could be and always should be, but now is not (OBrien). This passage describes all men in war, and even though Rat Kiley has done terrible things, we understa nd a little bit about what he must be thinking.We understand how these men value their lives even more because of war. In OBriens unique way, these men are truly humanized. By providing the reader with miscellaneous instructions throughout the story about what a true war story isnt and what a true war story is, these men are deeply humanized. The reader understands from Tim OBrien that war is never as simple as it seems, and neither are the men who fight the war. He tells us horrible stories about these men, and yet, these stories help us to understand the men better.With the commentary OBrien provides about how to write a true war story, the reader understands so many things. We understand that these true war stories may not even actually be true in the most common sense of the word. We understand that, no matter what, they are never simple. The lessons are never clear. They are not pretty, and if they are, they are not true. In other words, the characters of war are as complex as the reasons we fight wars. While it would be nice to have a tidy moral, there are none. At the bottom of it all are human lives. These men are not heroes and they are not monsters.

How To Prevent Teen Pregnancy Essay

How to prohibit immature maternalism has been a question for many years now. Statistics prevail been running wild take in charge to keep up with the puerileageage generation. many people have their opinions on the subject ( young pregnancy), because youngs seem to be acquiring pregnant all so fast these days. People fail to realize that having a baby is vatic to be a sort of privilege. numerous people take having a baby as a joke. Getting pregnant and having a boor involves many pros/cons. For example having a kid can be harder on some people than it is on others. When having a baby there argon a lot of things to worry around, for the nearly important part pecuniary problems seem to be the most talked to the highest degree of teen pregnancys. In the prevention of teen pregnancy there be many things that ar garterful. For example Abstinence is a for sure factor of not getting pregnant. There argon also other helpful ways to help prevent teen pregnancy, such as sex reading and give up find out. All of these things are essential in the helpful prevention of teen pregnancy.Abstinence is when you give up something you desire or of pleasure to you. Abstaining from knowledgeable activities is a great way to prevent teen pregnancy, and the risk of getting a disease. In the past years less sex and much condoms use has meant lower ordains of teenage pregnancy and sexually ancestral disease. Abstinence is not a crime, as most teenagers and their peers seem to think. well-nigh teens have sex because of their peers being sexually wide awake. The per centumage of sexually active males declined from 57.4 percent to 48.8 percent, essentially erasing the gender gap. In high school students solo the rate for being sexually active went from being 66.7 percent to 60.9 percent in the years of 1991-1997.Abstinence is very important, alone the peers your child hangs close to are just as important. The Nurture Assumption says that peer groups a mour a lot more than parents influencing how kids turn out, because you can pass your genes, but not your values. CDCs National Survey of Family Growth stated that teens are having less sex. CDCs also stated that more teenagers surveyed that their closest friends were heterogeneous in some sort of sex rearing class, and they were not sexually active. Abstaining from sex and fiting more more or less sex are unassailable ways to assure your knowledge and decrease teen pregnancy.Sex education is the study of the characteristics of being a male or afemale. much(prenominal) characteristics make up a persons sexuality. Traditionally children have received information about(predicate) sexuality from their parents, church, friends, their doctors, and many other people. Many unseasoned teens learn about their bodies first. They learn their body part and why they are essential for the body to keep going each day. Many people believe that sex ed. being taught in schools assures childre n of correct and drop information about sexuality. How sex education is taught varies greatly from on chopine to another, whether in school or any other program. Sex education starts in kindergarten and continues through high school. From kindergarten through 4th grade, sex ed. teaches children about their bodies and attempts to promote a whole some attitude toward the self-development process. During these years teachers attempt to correct any false ideas children may have learned about sex.In the grades 5th through 6th teachers try to prepare students for puberty. For example, the children learn about nocturnal emissions, menstruation and changes that lead take place in their bodies, they also learn and study reproduction. From grades 7th through 9th most young adults interest in sex increases, so they learn more about responsibility, and boy/girl dating. In high school, students learn more about the social and psychological aspects of sexuality. Many other subject come up at t his time in a teenagers life, such as marriage, abortion, homosexuality, blood control, and many other topics. Through the teenage years there are a lot of things to be learned and taught, but the most pore on is birth control as stated by pot J. Burt, Ph. D., Dean, College of Health and Human Performance. Sex education is of much importance to the teenage generation.Birth control is the control of birth or of childbearing by deliberate measures to control or prevent conception, contraception. An understanding of birth control requires some knowledge of human reproduction. About every four weeks, an clump is released by one of the two ovaries in a cleaning ladys body. The egg then passes through a fallopian tube, and if not fertilized while in the fallopian tube, it eventually disintegrates in the uterus. The egg then passes out of the body during a women menstruation. Sexually, coming from a man millions of sperm are released into the womans vagina. If an egg is there sperm tra veling through a womans fallopian tube will fertilize itfertilized by the sperm. At this top dog a human being develops and nine months later a child is born. roughly birth control methods are made to prevent contraceptives.The most effective contraceptive method is surgical sterilization. This is when surgery is performed so it will block the spermducts in men or the fallopian tubes in women. There are also many other kinds of contraceptive methods they involve hormone drugs in order to prevent pregnancy. In many developing nations hormone drugs are injected into the body. These injections must be given every 90 days in order to be effective. Some of the more popular birth controls nowadays are the pill, condoms, Norplant, and the shot.All of these forms of birth control are apply to prevent teen pregnancy. Studies show that those methods are becoming effective, because the teenage pregnancy rate has dropped by 11%. Birth control is important to teenagers, and they should be us ed if a teen should become sexually active. Parents should telephone to teach their children about birth control always, just in case a teen should become curious and decide to have sex.In conclusion teen pregnancy has hard an effect on society, in many ways. Most teen pregnancies were not planned. CDSs says about 65% of teen pregnancys were not even discussed with their sexual partners. All of the other function of teen pregnancys were not planned either, but it had been discussed with the teens sexual partner at some point in time. Most teens began having sex without knowing the consequences. Teenagers need to take responsibility and remember to keep safe, because there are various ways to prevent teen pregnancy, for example abstinence, sex education, and various types of birth control.

On mona lisa smile

The film which is about a young and an idealist instructor who penury to change something. The film which involves the reflections of feminism and functionalism. In this essay I analyze these reflections. Firstly,according to the functionalism,everyone in society has a graphic symbol and everyone play their role contribute to the smooth functioning of society. Children learn and internalize the norms and expectations which ar trustworthy in a society. In this wise,they adopt sex roles. So, sex activity roles are congenial with sex.Because there are innate differences. N the movie,the girls who study at the college move courses not only physics and art history but also speech and wedlock. Because they bequeath graduate in a few days and they will find a good husband and then they will be housewife. They will have responsibilities such as providing comfort a man and care of children. Because gender roles are innate. Gender roles are knowledgeable and internalized with the h elp of agencies such as family,educational institutions. There are these agencies in this movie.Furthermore,functional overture suggest that gender differences contribute to social stability and integration. Namely,the women should concentrate on domestic and family responsibilities while men work outside the home. There are communicatory roles for women and instrumental roles for men. The females should provide care and security of children and offer them ruttish support. Men,on the other hand,are the breadwinner in the family. For example,in this movie,the girls are given courses about the splendour of expressive roles.But there is a unequal division of labor within the Emily. Functionalism believes that this introduce is necessary for the maintenance of social stability. There are examples of giving importance of this necessity in the movie. Divorce is seen a bad state by lot in that society and the mother dont accept her daughter who want to back home. Functionalists empha size the importance of moral consensus which hold out when most people in a society share the same values and it is chief(prenominal) to maintain order for them. In the movie,there is a order and balance in the society.Because there are rules,ar cheatments,traditions and values which interlink the people. In this way,the moral consensus exist in a society. For instance,there are traditional competitions which are about marriage having a baby in college. Secondly,feminist burn upes reject the idea that gender dissimilarity IA natural. Feminism is based on womens freedom. The women should not be representative of their gender roles which are given them in innate. Instead,they should live by their own definition. In the movie,the teacher is defender of feminism.Her opinion is that her students should be more free when they dart their own decisions. She provide that the students discuss on the subject in the class. In the way,their ideas will occur and they will not copy other peop les opinion. Also,feminist approach emphasizes that there must be equal opportunity between women and men. For example,the range of education. The teacher encourage the student in studying law. To sum up,it is mathematical to see that the reflections of functionalism and feminism in the movie. Essay on Mona Lisa smile By kickball

Cybercrime Law Essay

The Cybercrime Prevention toy of 2012 is the first fair play in the Philippines which specifically criminalizes computing doohickey crime, which prior to the passage of the uprightness had no strong pro found actor in Philippine jurisprudence. While rightfulnesss such as the Electronic duty mold of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792 regulated certain reckoner-related activities, these laws did not interpret a legal basis for criminalizing crimes committed on a calculator in general for example, Onel de Guzman, the computer programmer charged with purportedly physical composition the ILOVEYOU computer worm, was ultimately not prosecuted by Philippine authorities out-of-pocket to a lack of legal basis for him to be charged under existing Philippine laws at the time of his arrest. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, formally recorded as Republic Act No. 10175, is a law in the Philippines approved on 12 September 2012. It aims to address legal issues concerning online interac tions and the Internet in the Philippines.Among the cybercrime offenses included in the bill are cybersquatting, cybersex, nipper pornography, identity theft, illegal access to information and libel.The Act, divided into 31 sections dismantle across eight chapters, criminalizes several types of offenses, including illegal access (hacking), data interference, turn of events misuse, cybersquatting, computer-related offenses such as computer fraud, content-related offenses such as cybersex and spam, and other offenses. The law also reaffirms existing laws against child pornography, an offense under Republic Act No. 9779 (the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009), and libel, an offense under Section 355 of the rewrite Penal Code of the Philippines, also criminalizing them when committed using a computer system. Finally, the Act provides for a catch-all clause, wherein all offenses currently punishable under the revise Penal Code are likewise punishable under the Act when committed u sing a computer, with corresponding stricter penalties than if the crimes were punishable under the revise Penal Code alone.The Act has universal legal power its provisions give way to all Filipino nationals regardless of the place of commission. Jurisdiction also lies when a punishable act is either committed within the Philippines, whether the erring device is wholly or partly situated in the Philippines, or whether ill-use was done to any natural or juridical person who at the time of commission was within the Philippines. Regional Trial Courts shall have jurisdiction over cases involving violations of the Act. A takedown clause is included in the Act, empowering the segment of Justice to restrict and/or demand the removal of content found to be contrary to the provisions of the Act, without the need for a court order. This provision, primarily not included in earlier iterations of the Act as it was beingness deliberated through Congress, was inserted during Senate deliberat ions on May 31, 2012.6 Complementary to the takedown clause is a clause mandating the retention of data on computer servers for six months subsequently the date of transaction, which may be extended for another six months should law enforcement authorities request it.The Act also mandates the National Bureau of probe and the Philippine National Police to organize a cybercrime unit, staffed by fussy investigators whose responsibility will be to exclusively handle cases pertaining to violations of the Act, under the surveillance of the Department of Justice. The unit is empowered to, among others, collect real-time traffic data from Internet service providers with due cause, require the disclosure of computer data within 72 hours after receipt of a court rationalise from a service provider, and conduct searches and seizures of computer data and equipment. It also mandates the initiation of special cybercrime courts which will handle cases involving cybercrime offenses (offenses enumerated in Section 4(a) of the Act)

Effect of culture in business Essay

1. A growing number of Americans make up for unlike-owned firms in the join States. Do you think that these American employees be being seed by the foreign possessors arise to concern and the last of the country of the owner?Because of globalization, demarcationes be open to do business in new markets and upward(a) profits. Also because of globalization, companies are faced with different cultures, religion and norms. For a fellowship to do business in another country, a omnibus deal to understand the differences associated with the host country. Globalization is delineate as this interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication, and scotch net break aways across international borders (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, & Konopaske, 2012, p 57). Each firm has their own organizational culture. According to Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (2001), organizational culture represents a complex practice of beliefs, expectations, determine and behaviors shared b y organizational members. The knowledge of the culture in which an employee is operative is crucial. In a dynamic and fast changing environs the inter and intra organizational behavior changes the productivity and growth trends (Chaturvedi, 2002).Because of the organizational culture most foreign-owned firms go out tend to impose that culture on their employees. only if like U.S. companies settling abroad, foreign-owned companies will face some difficulties operating in a country with different culture. Based on Hofstedes research, which studies how values in the workplace are influenced by culture, four dimensions have been identify as explainingUn sealedty avoidance degree to which people are soothing with ambiguous situations and with the inability to predict future events with accuracy (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69).Masculinity-Femininity A culture that has a high masculinity orientation tends to express on dominance, assertiveness, and interdependence. A culture with tendenc y of femininity orientation will emphasize more on interdependence, compassion, and emotional openness.Individualism-Collectivism Tendency of a cultures norms and values to emphasize on satisfying individual collects or group ineluctably (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69).Power distance Degree to which members of a society accept differences in power and status among themselves (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69)Because individually culture fits differently in the four dimensions, a foreign-owned firm will keep its own culture as it will be easier to skunk with than having different organizational cultures in each country it operates. Americans who work for those companies are indeed influenced by their approach of management.2. Assume that you indispensability to develop your global skills so that you can pursue international assignments with your company. Identify five skills that you would want to develop and describe how you would go about improving these skills.Globalization is defined a s this interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication, and economic networks across international borders (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, & Konopaske, 2012, p 57). Managers are more and more in contact with different cultures. According to HRMagazine (2012), business skills, clture and customs skills, geographic, political and economic skills need to be developed. Based on Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, & Konopaske (2012), the five main skills areGlobal strategic skills knowing how the thriftiness (i.e. global financial markets), politics (i.e. foreign affairs, international law) are unassailable ways for managers to know how to conduct business in another country.Team-building skills Companies require more and more that their employees know how to work as part of a team. Team-building is a way to have more done more efficiently. A manager should know how to delegate work and know what each team members can or cannot do.Organization skills It is important to know how employees react to certain management approach. McGregors motivational theory X and Y provides management approaches that can apply to motivate employees.Communication skills Communication is essential when working abroad. It is imperative that a manager or employee be able to make it with peers and superiors effectively.Transfer of knowledge skills Learning about a practice, technique, or approach in one country that can be transferred elsewhere is a skill that managers can apply on a regular hindquarters (Gibson et al., 2012, p 62).3. Describe the attitudes a manager would need to be happy and effective in managing in India, China, and Saudi Arabia.A manager would need to have the same basic skills in order to a palmy and effective manager in India, China, and Saudi Arabia. According to Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, & Konopaske ironlike proficient skillsGood language skillsStrong desire to work overseas friendship of the cultureWell-adjusted family situationSpouse supportBeha vioral tractablenessAdaptabilityGood relational abilityStress management skillsAccording Goodall and Warner (2007), a manager who wants to work in China would need to beopen-minded to the culture shock.Desire to learn the language and culture.Good communication skills.Strong organizational commitment Think not what your company can do for you, but what you can do for your company (Goodall et al., 2007, p 13).In China, it is gruelling to retain employees due to the competition of labor. China does not have luxuriant skilled labors and is experiencing tremendous growth economically. To be an effective manager, one should be able to retain employees and adapt to the culture in order to not lose such precious asset.According to Bhuian, Al-shammari, & Jefri (2001), a manager needs have a strong organizational commitment, strong desire to work with foreign assignment, and especially good communication skills in order to work in Saudi Arabia.Trainings should be available to the expatria te manager. Gibson et al. identified leash stepsPredeparture, which helps the manager prepare for the culture shock.Overseas Assignments, which is to help the manager ease into the culture. Having a mentor or a guide to bring on him or her to the culture.Repatriation, which is helping the manager adjusting back to his own culture when travel from assignment.ReferencesAssess-and improve-your global skills. (2012). _HRMagazine, 57_(8), 79. Retrieved from http//www.shrm. org/countryguidesBhuian, S. N., Al-shammari, E. S. and Jefri, O. A. (2001), Work-related attitudes and job characteristics of expatriates in Saudi Arabia. Thunderbird Intl Bus Rev, 43 21-32. doi 10.1002/1520-6874(200101/02)4313.0.CO2-BChaturvedi, A. (2002). Organizational behavior. _Finance India, 16_(4), 1482-1484. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/224360708?accountid=6579Gibson, J.G., Ivancevich, J.M., Donnelly, J.H., Konopaske, R. (2012). _Organizations Behavior, struc ture, processes_ (14th ed.)_._ New York McGraw-Hill.Goodall, K.L.N., Warner, M. (2007). Expatriate managers in China The influence of Chinese culture on cross-cultural management. _Journal of General Management._ Retrieved from http//www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/research/working_papers/2007/wp0701.pdfHellriegel, Don, Slocum, backside W. & Woodman, Richard W. Organizational Behavior, South-Western Thomson Learney, 2001, pp 671.

Manuela Almeida

The teenage years are for some the most traumatic or wonderful years they leave alone ever experience. some(prenominal) experiences through these years decide how individuals will act as adults, the paths they will take in purport, the careers they will choose, and if and how they raise their families. I remember a choice that I made as a teenager that would unendingly change my life. To this day, that choice still affects me.Choosing non to go to a society with my aces saved my life. My booster units were in a terrible car accident leave the party, and one of them did not survive. This experience has affected the choices I make today. Because of the bolshie of my friend, I do not take unnecessary risks, I monitor my behavior in hearty situations, and I have a great respect for life.Losing my friend when I was a teenager has made me actually cautious about getting into potentially chanceful situations. Just as the night I chose not to go to the party, I often pick out out of celebrations that involve alcohol or have the potential to tender drugs. I usually will go to the coffee shop or to dinner with a friend or family member instead. Potentially dangerous or volatile friends scare me as well. I wear offt get close to risk takers for the fear of losing them.My group of friends in spirited school was a little bit wild, and since the night of the party that took my friends life, I have changed my circle of friends. I dont go to the clubs to drink, but will go to dance every straightway and again if I am going with another friend who is in addition planning on staying sober. Even when I stay in, I do not partake in risky behaviors. I do not drink alcohol or take drugs. Unnecessary risks are expert that unnecessary.Going out doesnt mean the same thing to me flat as it did to me in high school. Then, it was all about finding a place to party, listening to music, drinking alcohol illegally, and hooking up with passel. Since that smutty night years ago, I monitor my behavior in social situations very carefully. Before even going out, I make incontestable that I have a safe friend to accompany me.I make sure that I am always prepared with a cell phone and extra money in case something happens and that person in my family get it ons where I am at all times. When I do go to a club to do some dancing, I dont drink, and I leave well before 1 a.m., which is when people seem to be getting the most drunk and impaired. Again, I extend not to attract any risky people by represent myself as wild. I keep a careful eye on what is going on around me at all times. I croup still have manoeuvre, dont get me wrong, but my friends death is never far from my memory when I am around alcohol.Since the loss of my friend, I value life much more. As a teen, I thought I was invincible and that I knew it all, as most teens do. I snuck around behind my parents backs without authorization to do the things I wanted to do. I knew it was wrong, but I didnt care. I did not see the value in my young life and the potential that I had for my future. I did not care about my parents or family members feelings I was very self-centered. I just wanted to have fun and live my life.The moment I lost my friend, I know that the only people who were guaranteed to be there for me through my life were my parents and my family. I turned to them for support and guidance through the ordeal. They became more special to me than they had been in a long time, and I determine them. I also valued myself more since I saw how important I was to them. I witnessed the rue of my friends family members and could not imagine my family having to face the same sight unnecessarily. If I could prevent something terrible from happening to me, I would do that not only for myself, but for them as well.Teenagers think they are invincible. They take risks. helping of this is just growing up. I took some risks that could have ended my life, and so did my fri ends. Fortunately, I skipped out on that night and made a fall apart choice. Since that night I have also made better choices and it has alter my life tremendously. I watch what I do and where I do it. I am aware of my surroundings at all times. I reach out to my family and keep in touch with them and let them know that I am OK. I value my family and their support and love and fool what a special person I am in this mankind to them. Because of tragedy, I have become a better person. My friends death still haunts me, but it also keeps me sober and aware of my aver precious life.

Equality of the Sexes: Elizabethan Era and Now

comp atomic number 18 of the Sexes The Elizabethan Era and Now Equal rights adopt al representations been a major issue and dispute. Analysing the role of wo workforce in the Elizabethan Era, through Shakespe bes representation in Romeo and Juliet, and comparing them to the role of women in the 21st century, exit help to demonstrate that comparability of the sexes has been achieved, and come a long way in the past cd years. Three ways in which equality of the sexes has been achieved is the role of a matrimonial, and undivided muliebrity, and roles of women in society.Married womens roles become changed importantly since the late 1500s. A dowry has been abolished when women get married. Their sole purpose of beingness has changed and is no endless to just provide and raise children and complete place tasks. They can now get a job and have rights in married couple and families much the same as men. In marriage, women had to have a child every two years, as childbearing was considered an honour til now though it was potentially life threatening.Also in the late 1500s, women had to instantly attend their husbands and any other males in the family, and their punishment for non obeying was being crush into submission. An example of this in Romeo and Juliet is when Juliet refuses to marry Paris, and Capulet calls her a disobedient wretch for not following (Act III, Sc. V, 160). In the 21st century, men can no longer legally chastise their wives and are not always considered the head of the marriage as they were in Shakespeares time.In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare has represented the roles of married women in the Elizabethan Era. In Act 1, Scene 1, Montague and Lady Montague arrive in the red-blooded where the fight is breaking out, Lady Montague tries to stop him, but has no bid after attempting to hold him back, as she has no authority over him, he also demands that she give his sword to him in a very impolite manner, Give me my long sword, ho (Act I, Sc. I). Therefore, womens roles in marriage have equalised over the past 400 years.The roles of unmarried women have also changed over the past four centuries. Unmarried women are now allowed to work, whereas the only selection for unmarried women in Elizabethan times was domestic service, such as being a maid. Arranged marriages for unmarried women were very common in the Elizabethan achievement, as fathers wanted their daughters to marry somebody of a higher(prenominal) class to improve the familys social status. Fathers liked to arrange a marriage as soon as sensibly possible, because unmarried women were looked upon with suspicion.In Romeo and Juliet, ennoble Capulet arranges a deal with Paris about the marriage of Juliet when she was only 13. Capulet describes Juliets age, She hath not seen the change of fourteen years (Act I, Sc. II, 9). Paris replies with, Younger than she are happy mothers made, (Act I, Sc. II, 12) which is representing the fact that women in the Elizabethan Era could be married and have children as young as 12. In a ripe Western womens world however, women no longer have ordered marriages and are allowed to choose their significant other.They are not looked upon with suspicion if they are unmarried, as it is very common in the 21st century, and women often come int marry until around the age of 25 or older. In summary, an unmarried womans roles and rights have changed considerably since the Elizabethan period, and Shakespeare has conveyed an unmarried womans tradition through Romeo and Juliet. The roles of women in society have changed a sizeable amount since the late 1500s. In the Elizabethan period women had minor roles in society.They were raised to believe that they were inferior to men and that men were the leaders and women were the weaker sex. Shakespeare has represented women being the weaker sex through a talk between Gregory and Sampson, when Sampson states, and therefore women, being the weaker vessels, are ever thrust to the debate (Act I, Sc. I, 20). Women were not allowed to go to school, but the wealthy were allowed to have private tutors, so they were highly educated, but the poorer families couldnt get any education easily.They were not allowed to get jobs, and domestic service was their only choice. An example of this is the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet. In the 21st century however, women have a very significant role in society, with many even being policy-making leaders and in important professions, such as lawyers, doctors, teachers and scientists. They also have political and rights in society the same as men. Therefore, a womans role in society has changed and equalised over the past 400 years.Since the Elizabethan Era, an unmarried womans role, womens roles in society and their roles in marriage have changed significantly. comparability of the sexes has been achieved and come a long way over the past 400 years. It is clear that this is true, through analysing an Elizabetha n womans role and their word-painting in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, and comparing them to a 21st century womans rights and roles in marriage, society and being single or unmarried. Womens rights have gradually equalised over the years, and someday, possibly, women will take over the world.

NCTM standards for elementary school mathematics Essay

The National Council of Teachers of mathematics is a teacher co-occurrence organization to improve the learning standards of mathematics and ensuring equitable access to spirit mathematics teaching and learning, the organization is focused on research, professional development, advocacy, impartiality and curriculum instruction and assessment.The council developed ten standards based on the numerical content and processes, according to Bass bear,(2007), those based on mathematical content involve Number and Operations, Algebra, Geometry, Measurement, and Data Analysis and Probability, while the standards based on processes are Problem Solving, Reasoning and Proof, Communication, Connections, and Representation.The strands are applicable in different levels of primary education. The strands developed are founded on the six principles of Curriculum, Equity, Learning, Assessment, Teaching and Technology and declaim that Number and Operations which is come to with creating and enla rging understanding of whole numbers as this is elemental requisite in mathematics.Geometry is concerned with recognizing shapes and recounting spatial relationships that exist, it deals with analyzing characteristics and attributes of two- and three-dimensional geometric shapes, geometry also is concerned with creating mathematical opinions concerning geometric relationships, such as locations, symmetry, transformations, visualization and coordinate geometry. Measurement is another standard which is concerned with equipment casualty of discovering assessable attributes and evaluating objects by using these attributes.Data analysis and probability is concerned with application of data management and probability techniques, such as data collection, organization, data analyses, sorting and using inferences. The other standards are problem resoluteness where students should be able to derive solutions of problems, Reasoning and Proof where the answers to the problems can be verified by mathematical means, Communication in terms of conversing the answers derived and methodological analysis used, Connections in establishing relationship between different mathematical techniques and representation where students should be able to represent the problems and the solutions.While the proposed standards have been faced with controversies, they have back up immensely the regulation of elementary schools mathematics in United States and Canada. References Bassarear, Tom. (2007). Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers. Florence, KY Cengage Learning.

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X

Savannah Major February 23, 2013 Hon. English/ H. 3 Philosophies of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X The new-made 1950s to mid-1960s was a time when violence and injustice had goed its peak. Many hoi polloi were treated unfairly and the mood of the country overall was very juicy and unhappy. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were both very well-known activists who fought to make things gibe and right. 80th activists shared similar beliefs against the racial Injustice brought against African Americans by whites although their methods of achieving that equality were completely different.MLK, for Instance, believed In approaching things in a peaceful, peaceable fashion. However, most African Americans felt that his peaceful approach wasnt enough to reach his. as well as their, goals and turned to Malcolm X, who believed that arming up against whites was a necessity in order to protect yourself. In other words, campaign violence with violence. In the speech, Stride Toward Freedom, MLK discusses the three different trends of dealings with oppression acquiescence, resorting to violence, and the use of nonviolent resistance.Only supporting one of the three, nonviolence, King potently isagrees with both acquiescence and using violence as a way of making peace. Acquiescence, when the laden resign to their oppression and just deal with it. large-minded up on it all together. MLK believes that is not the way out, claiming that by resigning the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor. (King 301) The second form of oppression, resorting to somatogenic violence, completely goes against his views.

Carrie Chapter Eleven

billystick run intoe flushed her a ride home from school mavin later onnoon a week later and she accepted.He was what the other kids c all in alled a white-soxer or a machine-shop Chuck. Yet ab discoverthing ab take place to the fore him excited her and directly, lying drowsily in this extramarital bed ( only with an awakening sense of excitement and pleasurable fear), she thought it faculty produce been his simple machine at least at the blend.It was a trillion miles from the machine-stamped, anonymous vehicles of her trades union dates with their ventless windowpanes, f nonagenarian-up steering wheels, and vaguely unpleasant smell of charge card scat c everyplaces and windshield solvent. batons car was old, dark, whateverhow sinister, the windshield was milky plainly ab appear the edges, as if a cataract was antecedent to form. The sas headspringges were loose and unanchored. Beer bottles clicked and rolled in the number (her fraternity dates drank Budweiser Billy and his friends drank Rheingold), and she had to place her feet around a huge, grease-clotted armorer beakkit without a lid. The tools inface were of many different marques, and she suspected that many of them were stolen. The car smelled of oil and gas. The sound of straight pipes came loudly and exhilaratingly through the thin floorboards. A row of dials slung under the dash registered amps, oil pressure, and tach (whatever that was). The covert wheels were jacked and the oaf seemed to point at the track.And of course he drove fast.On the one-third ride home one of the bald front tires blew at cardinal miles an hour, the car went into a screaming slide and she shrieked aloud, suddenly unequivocal of her own death. An image of her broken, fundy corpse, thrown against the base of a visit pole resembling a pile of rags, flashed through her mind manage a tabloid photograph. Billy cursed and whipped the fuzz-covered steering wheel from locating to side.They came to a diaphragm on the left- expire shoulder, and when she got out of the car on knees that threatened to buckle at every step, she saw that they had left a looping trail of scorched galosh for s flushty feetBilly was al leady turn outing the trunk, pulling out a jack and muttering to himself. non a hair was out of place.He passed her, a butt end already dangling from the corner of his mouth. Bring that toolkit, babe.She was flabbergasted. Her mouth undefendable and closed twice, alike(p) a beached fish, before she could bring in the words out. I-I will non You nformer(a) k-you-almost-you crazy bastard Besides, its dirtyHe turned around and looked at her, his eye flat. You bring it or I aint taking you to the fuckin fights tomorrow night.I hate the fights She had never been, but her anger and outrage required absolutes. Her fraternity dates took her to rock concerts, which she hated. They always ended up next to individual who hadnt bathed in weeks.He shrugged, went back to t he front end, and began jacking.She brought the toolkit, repairting grease all over a brandnew sweater. He grunted without turning around. His teeshirt had pulled out of his jeans, and the flesh of his back was smooth, tanned, resilient with muscles. It fascinated her, and she felt her tongue creep into the corner of her mouth.She helped him pull the tyre of the wheel, getting her hands black. The car rocked alarmingly on the jack, and the spare was polish to the canvas in two places.When the job was finished and she got back in, thither were heavy smears of grease across both the sweater and the expensive red skirt she was wearing.If you depend- she began as he got behind the wheel.He slid across the seat and kissed her, his hands moving heavily on her, from waist to breasts. His breath was reverberating of tobacco there was the smell of Brylcreem and sweat. She broke it at expiry and stared charge at herself, gasping for breath. The sweater was blotted with road grease an d dirt now. Twenty-seven-fifty in Jordan fen and it was beyond anything but the garbage can. She was intensely, almost painfully excited.How are you way out to explain that? he asked, and kissed her again. His mouth felt as if he skill be grinning.Feel me, she verbalise in his car. Feel me all over. beat me dirty.He did. One nylon split like a gaping mouth. Her skirt, scant(p) to begin with, was pushed rudely up to her waist. He groped greedily, with no finesse at all. And something perhaps that, perhaps the sudden brush with death brought her to a sudden, grating orgasm. She had gone(a) to the fights with him.Quarter to eight, he said, and sat up in bed. He put on the lamp and began to cut short, His body still fascinated her. She thought of last Monday night, and how it had been. He had(no)Tune enough to think of that later, maybe, when it would do something for her besides reason useless arousal. She swung her own legs over the edge of the bed and slid into gossamer p anties. perchance its a bad idea, she said, not sure if she was testing him or herself. perhaps we ought to entirely get back into bed and-Its a serious idea, he said, and a shadow of humour crossed his face. Pig blood for a pig.What?Nothing. Come on. repulse dress.She did, and when they left by the back stairs she could touch a large excitement blooming, like a rapacious and night-flowering vine, in her belly.From My detect Is Susan Snell (p. 45)You know, Im not as sorry about all of it as people seem to think I should be. Not that they say it in force(p) out theyre the ones who always say how dreadfully sorry they are. Thats usually moreover before they ask for my autograph. that they expect you to be sorry. They expect you to get weepy, to wear a lot of black, to drink a elflike too untold or take drugs. They say things like Oh, its such a shame. But you know what happened to her- and blah, blah, blah.But sorry is the Kool-Aid of human emotions. Its what you say when you drain a cup of coffee or throw a gutterball when youre bowl with the girls in the league. True sorrow is as rare as true(a) love. Im not sorry that Tommy is dead any more. He seems too much like a daydream I once had. You probably think thats cruel, but theres been a lot of water under the bridge since amble Night. And Im not sorry for my appearance before The White Commission. I told the verity as much of it as I knew.But I am sorry for Carrie.Theyve forgotten her, you know. Theyve make her into some kind of a attribute and forgotten that she was a human being, as real as you translation this, with fancys and dreams and blah, blah, blah. Useless to tell you that, I suppose. Nothing can change her back now from something made out of newsprint into a person. But she was, and she hurt. more(prenominal) than any of us probably know, she hurt.And so Im sorry and I hope it was good for her, that prom. Until the terror began, I hope it was good and fine and marvelous and mag ic Tommy pulled into the lay lot beside the high schools new wing, let the ram idle for just a second, and so switched it of. Carrie sat on her side of the seat, holding her wrap around her bare shoulders. It suddenly seemed to her that she was living in a dream of hidden intentions and had just become aware of the fact. What could she be doing? She had left Momma alone.Nervous? He asked, and she jumped.Yes.He laughed and got out. She was about to open the door when he exposed it for her. Dont be nervous, he mid. Youre like Galatea.Who?Galatea. We read about her in Mr Evers class. She turned from a drudge into a bonny woman and nobody even knew her.She considered it. I want them to know me, she said finally.I dont blame you. Come on.George Dawson and Frieda Jason were standing by the Coke machine. Frieda was in an orange tulle concoction, and looked a little like a tuba. Donna Thibodeau was taking tickets at the door along with David Bracken. They were both National Honour Soci ety members, classify of Miss personal Gestapo, and they wore white slacks and red blazers the school colours. Tina Blake and Norma Watson were handing out programmes and seating people inside according to their chart Both of them were dressed in black, and Carrie supposed they thought they were very chic, but to her they looked like cigarette girls in an old gangster movie.All of them turned to look at Tommy and Carrie when they came in, and for a moment there was a stiff, awkward silence. Carrie felt a strong urge to wet her lips and controlled it. then(prenominal) George Dawson saidGawd, you look queer, Ross.Tommy smiled. When did you come out of the treetops, Bomba?Dawson lurched forward with his fists up, and for a moment Carrie felt stark terror. In her keyed-up state, she came within an ace of picking George up and throwing him across the lobby. Then she know it was an old game, often played, well-loved.The two of them sparred in a growing circle. Then George, who had bee n tagged twice in the ribs, began to gobble and yell- Kill them Congs Get them Gooks Pongee sticks Tiger cages and Tommy collapsed his guard, laughing.Dont let it bother you, Frieda said, tilting her letteropener nose and strolling over. If they kill each other, Ill bounce with you.They look too stupid to kill, Carrie ventured. Like dinosaurs. And when Frieda grinned, she felt something very old and rusty loosen inside her. A warmth came with At. Relief. Ease. Whered you buy your dress? Frieda asked. I love it.I made it.Made it? Friedas eyes opened in unaffected surprise. No shitCarrie felt herself blushing furiously. Yes I did. I I like to sew. I got the material at Johns in Andover. The pattern is really quite easy.Come on, George said to all of them in general. Bands gonna start. He rolled his eyes and went through a limber, satiric buck-and-wing. Vibes, vibes, vibes. Us Gooks love them big Fender viyyybrations.When they went in, George was doing impressions of Flash Bobby Pick ett and mugging. Carrie was express Freida about her dress, and Tommy was grinning, hands stuffed in his pockets. Spoiled the lines of his dinner jacket Sue would be telling him, but fuck it, it seems to be working. So off the beaten track(predicate) it was working fine.He and George and Frieda had less than two hours to live.From The Shadow Exploded (p. 132)The White Commissions stand on the trigger of the whole affair two buckets of pig blood on a beam over the re-create seems to be overly asthenic and vacillating, even in ignition of the scant concrete proof. If one chooses to intend the hearsay evidence of Nolans immediate circle of friends (and to be brutally frank, they do not seem intelligent enough to lie convincingly), then Nolan took this break apart of the conspiracy entirely out of the Nazareneine Hargensens hands and acted on his own porta He didnt talk when he drove he liked to drive. The subprogram gave him a feeling of power that nothing could rival, not even fucking.The road unrolled before them in photographic blacks and whites, and the speedometer trembled just early(prenominal) seventy. He came from what the social workers called a broken home his father had taken off after the failure of a badly managed gas-station venture when Billy was twelve, and his acquire had four boyfriends at last count. Brucie was in greatest favour decline now. He was a Seagrams 7 man. She was turning into one ugly bag, too.But the car the car fed him power and glory from its own privy lines of force. It made him someone to be reckoned with, someone with mana. It was not by cam stroke that he had done most of his balling in the back seat. The car was his slave and his god. It gave, and it could take away. Billy had used it to take away many times. On long, sleepless nights when his mother and Brucie were fighting, Billy made popcorn and went out cruising for move dogs. Some mornings he let the car roll, engine dead, into the garage he had const ructed behind the house with its front bumper dripping.She knew his habits well enough by now and did not bother making conversation that would simply be ignored anyway. She sat beside him with one leg curled under her, gnawing a knuckle. The fights of the cars streaking past them on 302 gleamed softly in her hair, streaking it silver.He wondered how long she would last. Maybe not long after tonight. Somehow it had all led to this, even the early part, and when it was done the glue that had held them together would be thin and might dissolve, sledding them to wonder how it could have been in the first place. He thought she would start to look less like a goddess and more like the regular(prenominal) society bitch again, and that would make him want to belt her around a little. Or maybe a lot. Rub her nose in it.They breast the Brickyard Hill and there was the high school beneath them, the parking lot filled with plump, glistening daddies cars. He felt the familiar gormandize of disgust and hate rise in his throat. Well give them something(a night to remember)all right. We can do that.The classroom wings were dark and silent and forsake the lobby was lit with a standard yellow glow, and the bank of scum that was the lyceenasiums east side glowed with a soft, orangey light that was ethereal, almost ghostly. Again the vinegarish taste, and the urge to throw rocks.I see the lights, I see the ships company fights, he murmured.Huh? She turned to him, startled out of her own thoughts.Nothing. He touched(p) the nape of her neck. I think Im gonna let you pull the string.Billy did it by himself, because he knew perfectly well that he could trust nobody else. That had been a hard lesson, much harder than the ones they taught you in school, but he had learned it well. The boys who had gone with him to Hentys place the night before had not even known what he wanted the blood for. They probably suspected Chris was involved, but they could not even be sure of that. He drove to the school minutes after Thursday night had become Friday morning and cruised by twice to make sure it was deserted and neither of Chamberlains two police cars was in the area.He drove into the parking lot with his lights off and swung around in back of the building. Further back, the football field glimmered beneath a thin membrane of ground fog.He opened the trunk and unlocked the ice chest. The blood had frozen solid, but that was all right. It would have the next twenty-four hours to thaw.He put the buckets on the ground, then got a number of tools from his kit. He stuck them in his back pocket and grabbed a brown bag from the seat. Screws clinked inside.He worked without hurry, with the easeful absorption of one who is unable to conceive of interruption. The gym where the dance was to be held was in addition the school auditorium, and the overmatchhearted row of windows looking toward where he had parked opened on the backstage storage area.He selected a flat t ool with a spatulate end and slid it through the fine jointure mingled with the upper and lower panes of one window. It was a good tool. He had made it himself in the Chamberlain metal shop. He wriggled it until the windows slip lock came free. He pushed the window up and slid in.It was very dark. The predominant odour was of old paint from the hammy Club canvas flats. The gaunt shadows of Band Society music stands and putz cases stood around like sentinels. Mr Downers piano stood in one corner.Billy took a small flashlight out of the bag and made his way to the stage and stepped through the red velvet curtains. The gym floor, with its painted basketball lines and highly varnished surface, glimmered at him like an amber lagoon. He shone his light on the apron in front of the curtain. There, in ghostly chicken feed fines, someone had arrestn the floor silhouette of the King and Queen thrones which would be position the following day. Then the entire apron would be strewn with paper flowers why, Christ still knew.He craned his neck and shone the beam of his light up into the shadows. Overhead, girders pass over in shadowy lines. The girders over the dance floor had been sheathed in crepe paper, but the arm directly over the apron hadnt been decorated. A short draw curtainobscured the girders up there, and they were invisible from the gym Floor. The draw curtain also hid a bank of lights that would highlight the gondola mural.Billy turned off the flashlight, walked to the left-hand edge of the apron, and mounted a steel-runged play bolted to the wall. The contents of his brown bag, which he had tucked into his shirt for safety, jingled with a strange, yap jolliness in the deserted gymnasium.At the top of the ladder was a small platform. Now, as he faced outward toward the apron, the stage flies were to his right, the gym itself on his left. In the flies the Dramatic Club props were stored, some of them dating back to the 1920s. A bust of Pallas, used in some ancient dramatic version of Poes Me Raven, stared at Billy with blind, floating eyes from atop a rusting bedspring Straight ahead, a steel girder ran out over the apron. Lights to be used against the mural were bolted to the bottom of it.He stepped out on to it and walked effortlessly, without fear, over the drop. He was humming a popular agate line under his breath. The beam was inch-thick with dust, and he left long shuffling tracks. middle(a) he stopped, dropped to his knees, and peered down.Yea. With the help of his light he could make out the chalk lines of the apron directly below. He made a soundless whistling.(bombs away)He Xd the precise spot in the dust, then beam-walked back to the platform. No one would be up here between now and the Ball the lights that shone on, the mural and on the apron where the King and Queen would be crowned(theyll get crowned an right)were controlled from a box backstage. Anyone looking up from directly below would be blinded by those s ame lights. His arrangements would be noticed only if someone went up into the flies for something. He didnt believe anyone would. It was an acceptable risk.He opened the brown bag and took out a pair of Playtex rubber gloves, put them on, and then took out one of two small pulleys he had purchased yesterday. He had gotten them at a hardware store in Boxford, just to be safe. He popped a number of nails into his mouth like cigarettes and got the hammer. until now humming around his mouthful of nails, he fixed the pulley neatly in the corner above the platform. Beside it he fixed a small eyehole screw.He went back down the ladder, crossed backstage, and climbed another ladder not far from where he had come in. He was in the loft expression of a catchall school attic. Here there were stacks of old yearbooks, ratty athletic uniforms, and ancient textbooks that had been nibbled by mice.Looking left, he could shine his light over the stage flies and spotlight the pulley he had just p ut up. Turning right, cool night air played on his face, from a vent in the wall. Still humming, he took out the second pulley and nailed it up.He went back down, crawled out the window he had forced, and got the two buckets of pig blood. He had been about his business for a half hour, but it showed no signs of thawing. He picked the buckets up and walked back to the window, silhouetted in the darkness like a farmer coming back from the first milking. He get up them inside and went in after.Beam-walking was easier with a bucket in each hand for balance. When he reached his dust-marked X, he put the buckets down, peered at the chalk marks on the apron once more, nodded, and walked back to the platform. He thought about wiping the buckets on his last trip out to them Kennys prints would be on them, Dons and Steves as well but it was better not to. Maybe they would have a little surprise on Saturday morning. The thought made his lips quirk.The last item in the bag was a coil of jute turn. He walked back out to the buckets and tied the handles of both with running slipknots. He threaded the screw, then the pulley. He threw the uncoiling twine across to the left, and then threaded that one. He probably would not have been amused to know that, in the gloom of the auditorium, covered and streaked with decades-old dust, gray-headed kitties flying dreamily about his crows nest hair, he looked like a hunched, half-mad Rube Goldberg intent upon creating the better mousetrap.He piled the slack twine on top of a stack of crates within reach of the vent. He climbed down for the last time and dusted off his hands. The thing was done.He looked out the window, then wriggled through and thumped to the ground. He closed the window, reinserted his jimmy, and closed the lock as far as he could. Then he went back to his car.Chris said chances were good that Tommy Ross and the White bitch would be the ones under the buckets she had been doing a little unemotional promoting am ong her friends That would be good, if it happened. But, for Billy, any of the others would be all right too.He was beginning to think that it would be all right if it was Chris herself.He drove away.From My Name Is Susan Snell (p. 48)Carrie went to see Tommy the day before the prom. She was waiting outside one of his classes and he said she looked really wretched, as if she thought hed yell at her to stop hanging around and stop bugging him.She said she had to be in by eleven-thirty at the latest, or her momma would be worried. She said she wasnt going to dun his time or anything, but it wouldnt be fair to worry her momma.

Evolution of Management Essay

As wide as thither digest been military man endeavors, there view as been muckle unstrained to take charge lot willing to plan, organize, cater, and construe the do. One might say that nature abhors a vacuum and gum olibanum some ane will alship bumal step forward to come across a melt downership void. Probably the natural emergence of leadership grew f completely appear of our instinct for survival. In the hostile populace of origin(a) mankind, food, shelter, and safety require usu any in ally requi cerise cooperative groundss, and cooperative efforts required some edition of leadership. Certainly leadership was vested in the stages of early families via the patriarchal carcass.The senescentest member of the family was the obturately experienced and was pre subject mattered to be the wisest member of the family and thence was the natural leader. As families grew into tribes and tribes evolved into nations, much than complex forms of leadership were required and did evolve. Division of labor and supervision practices is enter on the earliest written record, the clay t ablets of the Sumerians. In Sumerian society, as in mevery former(a)s since, the wisest and better leaders were estimation to be the priests and opposite religious leaders. Likewise, the ancient Babylonian cities substantial very strict codes, a great atomic reactor(prenominal) as the code of Hammurabi.King Nebuchadnezzar go ford color codes to sustain take of the hanging gardens, and there were weekly and annual reports, norms for productiveness, and rewards for piece course. The Egyptians organized their people and their slaves to pull in their cities and pyramids. Construction of single pyramid, around 5000 BC. , required the labor of 100,000 people functional for approximately 20 years. Planning, organizing, and workling were essential elements of that and former(a) feats, many of them long term. The ancient Egyptian Pharaohs had long-term plann ers and advisors, as did their contemporaries in chinaw atomic issue 18.China perfected military com shoes based on short letter and staff principles and used these a equivalent principles in the early Chinese dynasties. Confucius wrote parables that offered practical suggestions for cosmos administration. In the Old Testament, Moses led a root word of Je pr easysity slaves expose of Egypt and then organized them into a nation. Exodus, Chapter 18, describes how Moses chose able men out of all Israel and made them heads oer the people, and contrastiveiated between conveningrs of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties and rulers of tens. A placement of judges as well evolved, with just now the hard cases coming to Moses. The city- orders of Greece were commonwealths, with councils, courts, administrative officials, and boards of generals. Socrates talked close to trouble as a skill separate from technical acquaintance and experience. Plato wrote nigh strong suit and proposed notions of a healthy republic. The Roman Empire is thought by many to deplete been so achieverful because of the Romans great cleverness to organize the military and conquer clean lands.Those sent to goern the far-flung parts of the empire were effective administrators and were able to maintain relationships with leaders from some other provinces and across the empire as a whole. There argon legion(predicate) other ancient leaders who were skillful organizers, at least as indicated by their impinge on outments, much(prenominal) as Hannibal, who shepherded an army across the Alps, and the startle emperor justterfly of China, who built the Great Wall. numerous of the practices employed to mean solar day in leading, managing, and administering unexampled physical compositions have their origins in antiquity.Many concepts of authority certain in a religious context. One example is the Roman Catholic Church with its subscriber linelike bollock valid ation and solicitude techniques. The chain of command or style of authority, including the concept of strong suit, was a approximately important contri exclusivelyion to focal point opening. Machiavelli also wrote around authority, accent marking that it comes from the consent of the masses. However, the ideas Machiavelli expressed in The Prince atomic number 18 more much viewed as mainly tie ined with leadership and communication.Much counselling assertableness has military origins, probably because efficiency and effectiveness ar essential for success in warfare. The concepts of unity of command, line of command, staff advisors, and region of bailiwick all can be traced back at least to Alexander the Great, or rase earlier, to Lao Tzu. The Industrial R phylogeny stoold a lack for parvenu thinking and the refinement of old thinking. Time and motion studies intensified the percentage of locomote, as did rudimentaryized labor and research and development. M odern apportionment theory prevails afterwards.The preceding historical review indicates that thinking almost counselling and leadership is in large part situational and that practices evolved to deal with new situations that arose. It also indicates that yesterdays principles and theories are surprisingly modern and surprisingly sophisticated. Some lap supervenes, of course, and some gaps. Todays theorists have attempted to fill in the gaps and adapt the theories to current situations. Yet, like in other areas of thought, not much is of recent origin in the field of management theory.The Evolution of centering Changes in management practices lapse as private instructors, theorists, researchers, and consultants listenk new authoritys to subjoin organisational efficiency and effectiveness. The driving force behind the evolution of management theory is the search for better managements to utilize organisational resources. Advances in management theory typically occur as managers and researchers learn better slipway to arrange the principal management assesss planning, organizing, leading, and controlling humans and other boldnessal resources.In this paper, we will try to examine how management theory concerning appropriate management practices has evolved in modern generation, and look at the central concerns that have guided its development. First, we look into the so-called classical management theories that emerged around the act of the twentieth coke. These include scientific management, which focuses on matching people and projects to maximize efficiency and administrative management, which focuses on aiming the principles that will lead to the creation of the most efficient constitution of organization and management.Next, we consider styleal management theories, developed twain before and after the Second mankind War, which focus on how managers should lead and control their ladderforces to increase surgical deal. Th en we controert management skill theory, which developed during the Second World War and which has get progressively important as researchers have developed rigorous analytic and quantitative techniques to athletic supporter managers measure and control organizational serveance.Finally, we controvert business in the 1960s and 1970s and focus on the theories that were developed to answer explain how the extraneous environment affects the way organizations and managers operate. At the end of this paper, one will understand the ways in which management theory has evolved everyplace time. One will also understand how economical, political, and cultural forces have stirred the development of these theories and the ways in which managers and their organizations extradite. Figure 1. 1 summarizes the chronology of the management theories that are discussed in this paper. Scientific focus possibilityThe evolution of modern management began in the closing decades of the nineteent h century, after the industrial revolution had move through Europe, Canada, and the United States. In the new economic climate, managers of all types of organizationspolitical, educational, and economicwere increasingly trying to find better ways to satisfy customers needs. Many major economic, technical, and cultural changes were taking place at this time. The cognizeledgeableness of travel condition and the development of sophisticated mechanismry and equipment changed the way in which goodnesss were produced, crabbedly in the weaving and clothing industries.Small solveshops overtake by deft players who produced hand-manufactured products (a dodging called crafts production) were macrocosm replaced by large factories in which sophisticated machines controlled by hundreds or so far thousands of unskilled or semiskilled proletarians made products. Owners and managers of the new factories put themselves unprepared for the challenges ac caller-outing the change from small-scale crafts production to large-scale mechanize manufacturing.Many of the managers and supervisors had only a technical orientation, and were unprepared for the social problems that occur when people range together in large groups (as in a factory or shop system). Managers began to search for new techniques to manage their organizations resources, and shortly they began to focus on ways to increase the efficiency of the worker parturiency mix. Job specialization and division of labor The renowned economist transport Smith was one of the first to look at the effects of antithetic manufacturing systems. 7 He compared the relative carrying into action of two contrary manufacturing methods.The first was similar to crafts-style production, in which apiece worker was trustworthy for all of the 18 designates involved in producing a pin. The other had each(prenominal) worker do only 1 or a few of the 18 tasks that go into making a completed pin. Smith show that factorie s in which workers alter in only 1 or a few tasks had great performance than factories in which each worker performed all 18 pin-making tasks. In fact, Smith open up that 10 workers specializing in a particular task could, between them, make 48 000 pins a day, whereas those workers who performed all the tasks could make only a few thousand at most. Smith reasoned that this rest in performance was due to the fact that the workers who specialized became much more skilled at their specific tasks, and, as a group, were thus able to produce a product profligateer than the group of workers who each had to perform many tasks. Smith concluded that increasing the take of line of products specialization the motion by which a division of labour occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over timeincreases efficiency and leads to full(prenominal)er(prenominal) organizational performance.Based on Adam Smiths observations, early management practitioners and theorists focus ed on how managers should organize and control the work process to maximize the advantages of cheat specialization and the division of labour. F. W. Taylor and Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor (18561915) is best cognize for defining the techniques of scientific management, the systematic moot of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.Taylor believed that if the amount of time and effort that each worker expended to produce a unit of yield (a complete good or service) could be cutd by increasing specialization and the division of labour, then the production process would become more efficient. Taylor believed that the way to create the most efficient division of labour could best be determined by means of scientific management techniques, alternatively than spontaneous or in musket ball rule-of-thumb knowledge.This decision ultimately resulted in problems. For example, some managers utilise scien tific management obtained increases in performance, but rather than sharing performance gains with workers through bonuses as Taylor had advocated, they simply increase the amount of work that each worker was expected to do. Many workers experiencing the reorganized work system found that as their performance increased, managers required them to do more work for the same pay. Workers also learned that increases in performance much meant fewer jobs and a greater threat of layoffs, because fewer workers were needed.In addition, the specialized, simplified jobs were often unglamorous and repetitive, and many workers became dissatisfied with their jobs. Scientific management brought many workers more ill fortune than gain, and left them with a distrust of managers who did not seem to care about their wellbeing. These dissatisfied workers resisted attempts to use the new scientific management techniques and at times even withheld their job knowledge from managers to protect their jobs and pay. Unable to inspire workers to yield the new scientific management techniques for performing tasks, some organizations increased the automation of the work process.For example, one reason for enthalpy crossings introduction of moving transporter belts in his factory was the realization that when a conveyer belt controls the pace of work (instead of workers context their own pace), workers can be pushed to perform at higher aims takes that they may have thought were beyond their reach. Charlie Chaplin captured this aspect of mass production in one of the opening scenes of his famous movie, Modern Times (1936). In the film, Chaplin caricatured a new factory employee armed combat to work at the machine imposed pace but losing the passage of arms to the machine.Henry Ford also used the principles of scientific management to identify the tasks that each worker should perform on the production line and thus to determine the most effective way to create a division of labour to suit the needs of a mechanized production system. From a performance perspective, the combination of the two management practices (1) achieving the right mix of workertask specialization and (2) linking people and tasks by the speed of the production linemakes sense. It produces the huge savings in cost and huge increases in outturn that occur in large, organized work conditions.For example, in 1908, managers at the Franklin travel Company redesigned the work process using scientific management principles, and the output of cars increased from 100 cars a month to 45 cars a day workers wages increased by only 90 percent, however. From other perspectives, though, scientific management practices create many concerns. The definition of the workers rights not by the workers themselves but by the owners or managers as a result of the introduction of the new management practices raises an ethical issue, which we examine in this Ethics in Action. Fordism in Practice From 1908 to 191 4, through trial and error, Henry Fords talented team of production managers pioneered the development of the moving conveyor belt and thus changed manufacturing practices forever. Although the technical aspects of the move to mass production were a dramatic fiscal success for Ford and for the millions of Americans who could now afford cars, for the workers who actually produced the cars, many human and social problems resulted. With simplification of the work process, workers grew to hate the monotony of the moving conveyor belt.By 1914, Fords car plants were experiencing huge employee turnoveroften reaching levels as high as 300 or cd percent per year as workers left because they could not handle the work-induced stress. 15 Henry Ford acknowledge these problems and made an announcement From that point on, to prompt his workforce, he would reduce the length of the workday from nine hours to eight hours, and the company would double the elementary wage from US$2. 50 to US$5. 00 per day. This was a dramatic increase, similar to an announcement today of an overnight doubling of the borderline wage.Ford became an internationally famous figure, and the word Fordism was coined for his new approach. Fords apparent generosity was matched, however, by an intense effort to control the resourcesboth human and materialwith which his empire was built. He employed hundreds of inspectors to check up on employees, both inside and outside his factories. In the factory, supervision was close and confining. Employees were not leaseed to leave their places at the production line, and they were not permitted to talk to one another. Their job was to concentrate fully on the task at hand. a few(prenominal) employees could adapt to this system, and they developed ways of talking out of the sides of their mouths, like ventriloquists, and invented a form of speech that became known as the Ford Lisp. Fords obsession with control brought him into greater and greater conflict wit h managers, who were often dismissed when they disagreed with him. As a result, many talented people left Ford to join his growing rivals. Outside the workplace, Ford went so far as to make believe what he called the Sociological Department to check up on how his employees lived and the ways in which they spent their time.Inspectors from this department visited the homes of employees and suss outd their habits and problems. Employees who exhibited conducts contrary to Fords standards (for instance, if they drank too much or were always in debt) were likely to be fired. Clearly, Fords effort to control his employees led him and his managers to behave in ways that today would be considered unacceptable and unethical, and in the long run would impair an organizations ability to prosper.Despite the problems of worker turnover, absenteeism, and discontented at Ford Motor Company, managers of the other car companies watched Ford suck huge gains in efficiency from the application of th e new management principles. They believed that their companies would have to imitate Ford if they were to become. They followed Taylor and used many of his followers as consultants to tutor them how to adopt the techniques of scientific management. In addition, Taylor elaborated his principles in several books, including obtain Management (1903) and The detail how to apply the principles of scientific management to reorganize the work system.Taylors work has had an enduring effect on the management of production systems. Managers in every organization, whether it produces goods or services, now carefully analyze the basic tasks that moldiness(prenominal) be performed and try to devise the work systems that will allow their organizations to operate most efficiently. The Gilbreths Two prominent followers of Taylor were Frank Gilbreth (18681924) and Lillian Gilbreth (18781972), who amend Taylors analysis of work movements and made many contributions to time-and-motion study.Their aims were to (1) break up into each of its component natural actions and analyze every individual action demand to perform a particular task, (2) find better ways to perform each component action, and (3) reorganize each of the component actions so that the action as a whole could be performed more efficientlyat less cost of time and effort. The Gilbreths often filmed a worker performing a particular task and then separated the task actions, frame by frame, into their component movements.Their goal was to maximize the efficiency with which each individual task was performed so that gains across tasks would add up to gigantic savings of time and effort. Their attempts to develop improved management principles were capturedat times quite humorouslyin the movie Cheaper by the Dozen, which depicts how the Gilbreths (with their 12 children) tested to live their own lives according to these efficiency principles and apply them to daily actions such as shaving, cooking, and even raisin g a family.Eventually, the Gilbreths became increasingly interested in the study of fatigue. They studied how the physical characteristics of the workplace raise to job stress that often leads to fatigue and thus poor performance. They isolated factors such as lighting, heating, the colour of walls, and the design of tools and machinesthat result in worker fatigue. Their pioneering studies paved the way for new advances in management theory. In workshops and factories, the work of the Gilbreths, Taylor, and many others had a major effect on the practice of management.In comparison with the old crafts system, jobs in the new system were more repetitive, boring, and monotonous as a result of the application of scientific management principles, and workers became increasingly dissatisfied. Frequently, the management of work settings became a game between workers and managers Managers tried to initiate work practices to increase performance, and workers tried to hide the true potential efficiency of the work setting in order to protect their own well-being. Administrative management theorySide by side with scientific managers studying the persontask mix to increase efficiency, other researchers were focusing on administrative management, the study of how to create an organizational organise that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness. Organizational structure is the system of task and authority relationships that control how employees use resources to achieve the organizations goals. Two of the most influential views regarding the creation of efficient systems of organizational administration were developed in Europe.Max Weber, a German professor of sociology, developed one theory. Henri Fayol, the French manager who developed a modeling of management introduced earlier, developed the other. The scheme of Bureaucracy Max Weber (18641920) wrote at the turn of the twentieth century, when Germany was undergoing its industrial revolution. To swear out German y manage its growing industrial enterprises at a time when it was striving to become a world power, Weber developed the principles of bureaucracya nut system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.A bureaucratic system of administration is based on five principles (summarized in Figure 1. 2). linguistic rule 1 In a bureaucracy, a managers imposing authority derives from the position he or she holds in the organization. dresser is the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources. laterality gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates behaviour to achieve organizational goals.In a bureaucratic system of administration, obedience is owed to a manager, not because of any personal qualities that he or she might possess such as personality, wealth, or social statusbut because the manager occupies a position that is associated with a certain lev el of authority and responsibility. Principle 2 In a bureaucracy, people should occupy positions because of their performance, not because of their social standing or personal contacts. This principle was not always followed in Webers time and is often ignored today.Some organizations and industries are facilitate touch by social networks in which personal contacts and relations, not job-related skills, find out hiring and promotional decisions. Principle 3 The extent of each positions formal authority and task responsibilities, and its relationship to other positions in an organization, should be puddle specified. When the tasks and authority associated with various positions in the organization are clearly specified, managers and workers know what is expected of them and what to expect from each other.Moreover, an organization can hold all its employees strictly accountable for their actions when each person is completely familiar with his or her responsibilities. Principl e 4 So that authority can be consumptiond efficaciously in an organization, positions should be arranged hierarchically, so employees know whom to report to and who reports to them. Managers essential create an organizational pecking order of authority that makes it clear who reports to whom and to whom managers and workers should go if conflicts or problems arise.This principle is especially important in the armed forces, CSIS, RCMP, and other organizations that deal with sensitive issues involving possible major repercussions. It is vital that managers at high levels of the hierarchy be able to hold subordinates accountable for their actions. Principle 5 Managers moldiness create a well-defined system of rules, standard direct procedures, and norms so that they can effectively control behaviour within an organization. Rules are formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals (for example, if A happens, do B ).Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task. A rule might state that at the end of the workday employees are to leave their machines in good order, and a set of SOPs then specifies exactly how they should do so, itemizing which machine parts must be oiled or replaced. Norms are unwritten, knowledgeable codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations. For example, an organizational norm in a restaurant might be that waiters should help each other if time permits.Rules, SOPs, and norms provide behavioural guidelines that improve the performance of a bureaucratic system because they specify the best ways to earn organizational tasks. Companies such as McDonalds and Wal-Mart have developed extensive rules and procedures to specify the types of behaviours that are required of their employees, such as, Always greet the customer with a smile. Weber believed that organizati ons that implement all five principles will establish a bureaucratic system that will improve organizational performance.The judicial admission of positions and the use of rules and SOPs to regulate how tasks are performed make it easier for managers to organize and control the work of subordinates. Similarly, fair and equitable selection and promotion systems improve managers feelings of security, reduce stress, and encourage organizational members to act ethically and further advance the interests of the organization. If bureaucracies are not managed well, however, many problems can result.Sometimes, managers allow rules and SOPsbureaucratic red tapeto become so cumbersome that decision making becomes wearisome and inefficient and organizations are unable to change. When managers rely too much on rules to solve problems and not enough on their own skills and judgment, their behaviour becomes inflexible. A key challenge for managers is to use bureaucratic principles to benefit, r ather than harm, an organization. Fayols Principles of Management Working at the same time as Weber but independently of him, Henri Fayol (18411925), the CEO of Comambault Mining, identified 14 principles (summarized in Table 2. ) that he believed to be essential to increasing the efficiency of the management process. Some of the principles that Fayol outlined have faded from contemporary management practices, but most have endured. The principles that Fayol and Weber set forth still provide a clear and appropriate set of guidelines that managers can use to create a work setting that makes efficient and effective use of organizational resources. These principles remain the basics of modern management theory recent researchers have refined or developed them to suit modern conditions.For example, Webers and Fayols concerns for equity and for establishing appropriate links between performance and reward are central themes in contemporary theories of motivation and leadership. Behavio ural Management Theory The behavioural management theorists writing in the first half of the twentieth century all espoused a theme that focused on how managers should personally behave in order to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals.The Management perceptivity indicates how employees can become demoralized when managers do not treat their employees properly. Management Insight How to Discourage Employees Catherine Robertson, owner of Vancouver-based Robertson Telecom Inc. , made headlines in February 2001 for her management policies. Robertson is a government contractor whose company operates Enquiry BC, which gives British Columbians toll-free environ information and referral services about all provincial government programs. feminine headphone operators at Robertson Telecom must wear skirts or dresses even though they never come in contact with the public. Not even dress pants are allowed. As Gillian Savage, a former employee, notes, This isnt a suggested thing, its an order No pants. Brad Roy, another former employee, claims a female Indo-Canadian employee was sent home to change when she arrived at work wearing a Punjabi suit (a long shirt over pants). The no-pants rule is not the only concern of current and former employees. Roy also said, I saw some people being reprimanded for going to the washroom. While Robertson denied Roys allegation regarding washrooms, she did confirm that company policy included the no-pants rule, that employees were not allowed to engage their purses or other personal items to their desks, and that they were not allowed to drink coffee or bottled water at their desks. The company does not provide garbage cans for the employees. A group of current and former employees recently expressed concern with the number of rules Robertson has in place, and claimed that the rules have led to high turnover and poor morale.A current employee claims that many workers do not care whether they give out the right government phone numbers. Robertson said that she knew of no employees who were discontent, and was shocked that the policies had caused distraint among employees. She defended the dress code as appropriate business attire. Robertson may have to make some adjustments in her management style. The cabinet minister responsible for Enquiry BC, Catherine MacGregor, ordered an investigation of the contractor after being contacted by The Vancouver Sun about the allegations.She noted that the skirts-only rule for women is not appropriate, and that, All of our contractors are expected to fully comply with the Employment Standards Act, Workers Compensation rules and human rights legislation. Additionally, Mary-Woo Sims, head of the BC Human Rights Commission, said dress codes cant be based on gender. Thus, an employer cant tell men they must wear pants (as Robertson does), but tell women they cant. On the submit of it, it would appear to be gender discriminatory, Sims said. The Work of Mary Parker Follett If F. W.Taylor is considered to be the get down of management thought, Mary Parker Follett (18681933) serves as its mother. 28 Much of her writing about management and about the way managers should behave toward workers was a response to her concern that Taylor was ignoring the human side of the organization. She pointed out that management often overlooks the multitude of ways in which employees can contribute to the organization when managers allow them to participate and exercise initiative in their everyday work lives. Taylor, for example, relied on time-and-motion experts to analyze workers jobs for them.Follett, in contrast, palisaded that because workers know the most about their jobs, they should be involved in job analysis and managers should allow them to participate in the work development process. Follett proposed that, Authority should go with knowledge whether it is up the line or down. In other words, if workers have the relevant knowledge, then workers, rather than managers, should be in control of the work process itself, and managers should behave as coaches and facilitatorsnot as monitors and supervisors. In making this statement, Follett anticipated the current interest in self-managed teams and empowerment.She also recognized the importance of having managers in different departments communicate directly with each other to speed decision making. She advocated what she called cross-functioning members of different departments working together in cross-departmental teams to accomplish projectsan approach that is increasingly utilized today. Fayol also mentioned expertise and knowledge as important sources of managers authority, but Follett went further. She proposed that knowledge and expertise, and not managers formal authority ancestry from their position in the hierarchy, should decide who would lead at any particular moment.She believed, as do many manage ment theorists today, that power is fluid and should shine to the person who can best help the organization achieve its goals. Follett took a horizontal view of power and authority, in contrast to Fayol, who saw the formal line of authority and vertical chain of command as being most essential to effective management. Folletts behavioural approach to management was very radical for its time. The Hawthorne Studies and Human Relations Probably because of its radical nature, Folletts work was unappreciated by managers and researchers until quite recently.Instead, researchers continued to follow in the footsteps of Taylor and the Gilbreths. One focus was on how efficiency might be increased through improving various characteristics of the work setting, such as job specialization or the kinds of tools workers used. One series of studies was conducted from 1924 to 1932 at the Hawthorne Works of the westerly Electric Company. This research, now known as the Hawthorne studies, began as an attempt to investigate how characteristics of the work settingspecifically the level of lighting or clarificationaffect worker fatigue and performance.The researchers conducted an experiment in which they systematically measurable worker productivity at various levels of illumination. The experiment produced some surprising results. The researchers found that regardless of whether they raised or lowered the level of illumination, productivity increased. In fact, productivity began to fall only when the level of illumination dropped to the level of moonlight, a level at which presumably workers could no longer see well enough to do their work efficiently. The researchers found these results puzzling and invited a noted Harvard psychologist, Elton Mayo, to help them.Subsequently, it was found that many other factors also influence worker behaviour, and it was not clear what was actually influencing the Hawthorne workers behaviour. However, this particular effect which became known as the Hawthorne effectseemed to suggest that workers attitudes toward their managers affect the level of workers performance. In particular, the portentous finding was that a managers behaviour or leadership approach can affect performance. This finding led many researchers to turn their attention to managerial behaviour and leadership.If supervisors could be trained to behave in ways that would elicit cooperative behaviour from their subordinates, then productivity could be increased. From this view emerged the human relations movement, which advocates that supervisors be behaviourally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity. The importance of behavioural or human relations training became even clearer to its supporters after another series of experimentsthe edge wiring room experiments.In a study of workers making telephone switching equipment, researchers Elton Mayo and F. J. Roethlisberger discovered that the worke rs, as a group, had deliberately take a norm of output restriction to protect their jobs. Workers who violated this slack production norm were subjected to sanctions by other group members. Those who violated group performance norms and performed above the norm were called ratebusters those who performed below the norm were called chiselers. The experimenters concluded that both types of workers threatened the group as a whole. Ratebusters threatened group members because they revealed to managers how fast the work could be done. Chiselers were looked down on because they were not doing their share of the work. Work-group members check both ratebusters and chiselers in order to create a pace of work that the workers (not the managers) thought was fair. Thus, a work groups influence over output can be as great as the supervisors influence.Since the work group can influence the behavior of its members, some management theorists argue that supervisors should be trained to behave in ways that gain the blessing and cooperation of workers so that supervisors, not workers, control the level of work-group performance. One of the main intimations of the Hawthorne studies was that the behavior of managers and workers in the work setting is as important in explaining the level of performance as the technical aspects of the task.Managers must understand the workings of the promiscuous organization, the system of behavioural rules and norms that emerge in a group, when they try to manage or change behaviour in organizations. Many studies have found that, as time passes, groups often develop elaborate procedures and norms that bond members together, allowing unified action either to cooperate with management in order to raise performance or to restrict output and thwart the attainment of organizational goals. The Hawthorne studies demonstrated the importance of understanding how the feelings, thoughts, and behaviour of work-group members and managers affect performanc e.It was becoming increasingly clear to researchers that understanding behaviour in organizations is a complex process that is critical to increasing performance. Indeed, the increasing interest in the area of management known as organizational behaviour, the study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations, dates from these early studies. Theory X and Theory Y Several studies after the Second World War revealed how assumptions about workers attitudes and behaviour affect managers behaviour. Perhaps the most influential approach was developed by Douglas McGregor.He proposed that two different sets of assumptions about work attitudes and behaviours overtop the way managers think and affect how they behave in organizations. McGregor named these two separate sets of assumptions Theory X and Theory Y (see Figure 1. 3). THEORY X According to the assumptions of Theory X, the average worker is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. Moreover, workers have little ambition and wish to avoid responsibility. Thus, the managers task is to counteract workers natural tendencies to avoid work.To keep workers performance at a high level, the manager must supervise them closely and control their behaviour by means of the carrot and stickrewards and punishments. Managers who accept the assumptions of Theory X design and shape the work setting to maximize their control over workers behaviours and minimize workers control over the pace of work. These managers believe that workers must be made to do what is indispensable for the success of the organization, and they focus on developing rules, SOPs, and a well-defined system of rewards and punishments to control behaviour.They see little point in giving workers shore leave to solve their own problems because they think that the workforce neither expects nor desires cooperation. Theory X managers see their role as to closely monitor workers to ens ure that they contribute to the production process and do not threaten product quality. Henry Ford, who closely supervised and managed his workforce, fits McGregors description of a manager who holds Theory X assumptions. THEORY Y In contrast, Theory Y assumes that workers are not inherently lazy, do not naturally dislike work, and, if tending(p) the opportunity, will do what is good for the organization.According to Theory Y, the characteristics of the work setting determine whether workers consider work to be a source of blessedness or punishment and managers do not need to control workers behaviour closely in order to make them perform at a high level, because workers will exercise selfcontrol when they are committed to organizational goals. The implication of Theory Y, according to McGregor, is that the limits of collaboration in the organizational setting are not limits of human nature but of managements courtesy in discovering how to realize the potential represented by its human resources. It is the managers task to create a work setting that encourages freight to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction. When managers design the organizational setting to reflect the assumptions about attitudes and behaviour suggested by Theory Y, the characteristics of the organization are quite different from those of an organizational setting based on Theory X.Managers who believe that workers are motivated to help the organization reach its goals can decentralize authority and give more control over the job to workers, both as individuals and in groups. In this setting, individuals and groups are still accountable for their activities, but the managers role is not to control employees but to provide support and advice, to make sure employees have the resources they need to perform their jobs, and to evaluate them on their ability to help the organization march its goals.Henri Fay ols approach to administration more closely reflects the assumptions of Theory Y, rather than Theory X. Management Science Theory This theory focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services. In essence, management science theory is a contemporary extension of scientific management, which, as developed by Taylor, also took a quantitative approach to measuring the workertask mix in order to raise efficiency. There are many branches of management science each of them deals with a specific set of concerns Quantitative management utilizes numerical techniquessuch as linear and nonlinear programming, modelling, simulation, queuing theory, and chaos theoryto help managers decide, for example, how much inventory to hold at different times of the year, where to prove a new factory, and how best to invest an organizations pecuniary capital.Resources in the organizational environment include th e new materials and skilled people that an organization requires to produce goods and services, as well as the support of groups including customers who vitiate these goods and services and provide the organization with financial resources. One way of find out the relative success of an organization is to consider how effective its managers are at obtaining scarce and valuable resources. The importance of studying the environment became clear after the development of open-systems theory and contingency theory during the 1960s.The Open-Systems View One of the most influential views of how an organization is affected by its external environment was developed by Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson in the 1960s. 38 These theorists viewed the organization as an open system a system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts or transforms them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment, where they are bought by customers (see Fi gure 1. 4).At the input stage, an organization acquires resources such as raw materials, gold, and skilled workers to produce goods and services. Once the organization has gathered the necessary resources, renascence begins. At the conversion stage, the organizations workforce, using appropriate tools, techniques, and machinery, transforms the inputs into outputs of spotless goods and services such as cars, hamburgers, or flights to Hawaii. At the output stage, the organization releases finished goods and services to its external environment, where customers purchase and use them to satisfy their needs.The money the organization obtains from the sales of its outputs allows the organization to acquire more resources so that the beat can begin again. The system just described is said to be open because the organization draws from and interacts with the external environment in order to survive in other words, the organization is open to its environment. A closed system, in contrast , is a self-contained system that is not affected by changes that occur in its external environment. Organizations that operate as closed ystems, that ignore the external environment and that fail to acquire inputs, are likely to experience entropy, the purpose of a system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to split up and disintegrate. Management theorists can model the activities of most organizations by using the open-systems view. Manufacturing companies like Ford and General Electric, for example, buy inputs such as component parts, skilled and semiskilled labour, and robots and computer-controlled manufacturing equipment then, at the conversion stage, they use their manufacturing skills to assemble inputs into outputs of cars and computers.As we discuss in later chapters, competition between organizations for resources is one of several major challenges to managing the organizational environment. Researchers using the open-systems view are also interested in how the various parts of a system work together to promote efficiency and effectiveness. Systems theorists like to argue that the parts are more than the sum of the whole they mean that an organization performs at a higher level when its departments work together rather than separately.Synergy, the performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions, is possible only in an organized system. The recent interest in using teams comprising people from different departments reflects systems theorists interest in designing organizational systems to create synergy and thus increase efficiency and effectiveness.